CHAPTER 1:ADVENT OF THE EUROPEANS INTO INDIA
History Solution Class 9
1. Who was the first Portuguese sailor to discover the sea route between India and the west? When and where in India did he arrive for the first time?
Answer: Vasco-da-Gama was the first Portuguese sailor to discover the sea route between India and the West. He arrived for the first time in 1498 at Calicut port in South India.
2. Who was the English sailor able to move around the earth through the sea route?
Answer: Francis Drake.
History Solution Class 9
3. Who was the English sailor who entered India for the first time and when?
Answer: Johnes MildentHall was the English sailor who entered India in 1599 for the first time.
4. When and where did the East India Company initially establish?
Answer: The East India Company was initially established in England in 1600.
History Solution Class 9
5. Write two objectives of the East India Company to permanently rule in India.
Answer: Two objectives of the East India Company to permanently rule in India are:
a. to establish trade supremacy in India.
b. to make sure about political strength in India for affirming British hold over India.
6. When and where in India was the first trade centre of the English established?
Answer: The first trade centre of the English established in India At Masulipatnam in 1611.
7. What is 'Fort William'?
History Solution Class 9
Answer: 'Fort William' is a fort built in Calcutta to pay tribute to William III, the ruler of England. The old name of Fort William was Calcutta Trade centre.
8. Which were the two main divisions of the British administrative period of dependent India?
Answer: The British administrative period of dependent India was divided into the following two fundamental divisions:
(I) From the defeat of the Mughal empire to the Sepoy Mutiny, The East India Company dethroned the Indian Rulers, unified the dissipated divisions and started a central administration over the whole British Indian region.
(II) In the subsequent stage, i. e. from 1858 to 1947, numerous significant administrative changes and government assistance measures were presented in India by the British Crown to guarantee an organized British administration in India.
9. Who, when and with what objectives was the 'government of India Act' enacted?
Answer: The Government of India Act was passed by the British Parliament on second August 1858, with the goals that the British government would have the power to control India directly.
10. When and with what objective was the "Indian Councils Act' enacted?
Answer: The Indian Councils Act was passed by the British Parliament in 1861 with the objective to make the educated Indians acquainted with the new authoritative structure which was based on the Government of India Act, 1858.
11. What were the efforts made by the British to establish trade relations with India? Analyse the steps by which they succeeded.
Answer: The British put forth endless attempts to set up trade relations with India. The following is an outline of different attempts before they finally succeeded in setting up the first trade centre of the East India Company in 1611 at Musalipatnam.
(I) During the reign of Mughal emperor Akbar: In 1599, Queen Elizabeth of England sent Johnes MildentHall, an English sailor with an appeal letter to acquire certain trade benefits from the Mughal ruler. This was the first time when an Englishman reached India via sea route with a trading purpose.
(II) During the reign of Mughal emperor Jahangir: In 1608, Captain William Hawkins, an English merchant came to India with a request letter from English King James I to the Mughal ruler Jahangir urging for trade relation with India. the emperor issued a firman allowing setting up of an English settlement at Surat.
History Solution Class 9
Again in 1615, Sir Thomas Roe, an Englishman was sent with an appeal from English King James I to Mughal ruler Jahangir. But, Jahangir refused to sign any trade contracts, he granted English merchants permission to set up factories at Surat.
History Solution Class 9
(III) During the reign of Mughal emperor Farukhsiyar: In 1715, another proposal for trade relations was offered by John Surman, as the leader of an English delegation, to the Mughal emperor Farukhsiyar. A member of the delegation, an English surgeon William Hamilton, cured Farukhsiyar of a painful illness. As a reward, Farukhsiyar conceded three imperial 'firmans' to the East India company. By these three firmans:
(a) The company got the privilege of duty-free trade in Bengal with a yearly instalment of Rs. 3000.
(b) The company was allowed to lease additional territory around Calcutta.
(c) The company continued to enjoy the advantage of free trade in Mughal Deccan.
12. How did the east India company establish three trade centres at three important places in India?
Answer: The three trade centres of the East India Company at three important places in India were:
(a) Trade Centre at Masulipanam - The East India Company built up its first trade centre at Masulipatnam in 1611, with the authorization of the Sultan of Golkunda.
(b) Trade Cente at Armagaon - The East India Company began its subsequent trade centre at Armagaon in 1636. The company went into a settlement with the king of Chandragiri to transfer the Armagaon trade centre to Madras. This trade centre was renamed as Fort st George.
(c) trade Center at Calcutta - In 1690, Job Charnock, the company official, made a treaty with the Nawab of Bengal to obtain zamindari right over three villages, viz. Gobindapur, Sutanutee and kali Ghata (Kolkata), subject to an instalment of Rs. 1,200 per annum. He built up a trade centre here. Afterwards, these three villages amalgamated to form the town of Calcutta.
13. Who was the most remarkable person of the East India Company to pave the way for the establishment of British imperialism in India? Write with four arguments about his strategies to lay the foundation stone of the British Empire.
Answer: Robert Clive, the Governor during the period 1757-60 and again from 1765-67 was the most remarkable person to pave the way for the foundation of the British dominion in India.
The strategies of Robert Clive which laid the foundation of the British Empire were:
(a) He contrived plans by which other European companies were ousted from India.
(b) He adopted the policy of either war or friendship to win over the native kings.
(c) He developed the friendship with the Nawab of Bengal, Nizam of Hyderabad, Nawab of Oudh, kings of Rajputana, and consented such agreements with them by which they lost their power over their kingdoms.
(d) Clive deceitfully won the Battle of Plassey (1757) against Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa and laid the foundation of the British empire in India.
14. Write four causes for the outbreak of the Sepoy Mutiny.
Answer: Four main causes for the outbreak of the Sepoy Mutiny were:
(1) Political Cause - The reactionary policies of Lord Dalhousie caused disappointment among the people.
(2) Economic Cause - Scrapping the name of the Mughal Emperor from the coins of the East India Company in 1835.
(3) Social Cause - Unrest among the imperial class and the ordinary citizens brought about by the previous hundred years of British rule.
(4) Religious Cause - The last sparkle for the uprising was provided by the rumour of cartridges being greased with tallow made from beef and pork, which were against the strict convictions of the Hindus and the Muslims respectively.
History Solution Class 9
15. Mention four important results of the Sepoy Mutiny.
Answer: Major changes in the British government's view of India was the result of the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857. These changes can be divided into two broad categories:
I. Constitutional Changes:
(a) Passing of Government of India Act, 1858: The British government approved the Government of India Act, 1858, which allowed the British government to directly administer India.
(b) Queen's Proclamation: Viceroy Lord Canning made an announcement declaring himself Queen Victoria's representative. The main purpose of this proclamation was to end the contradictions and hesitation among the Indians. He also abolished The Doctrine of lapse.
II. Social Changes:
(a) Modernisation of Indian society: Owing to the uprising, The minds of orthodox Indians changed significantly. Many newly educated Indians were inspired by contemporary western culture.
(b) Realization of the need of organization: The bravery and confidence of the rebellious sepoys became an inspiration. But before beginning another national movement, the people realised that they had to be organised.
(c) Unity among Indians: Under the direct British rule, the Indians were infused with a sense of unity as being 'We Indians'. People from various castes and races started to see themselves as one entity.
Answer: Vasco-da-Gama was the first Portuguese sailor to discover the sea route between India and the West. He arrived for the first time in 1498 at Calicut port in South India.
 |
| VASCO-da-GAMA |
2. Who was the English sailor able to move around the earth through the sea route?
Answer: Francis Drake.
 |
| FRANCIS DRAKE |
History Solution Class 9
3. Who was the English sailor who entered India for the first time and when?
Answer: Johnes MildentHall was the English sailor who entered India in 1599 for the first time.
 |
| JOHNES MILDENTHALL |
4. When and where did the East India Company initially establish?
Answer: The East India Company was initially established in England in 1600.
 |
| EAST INDIA COMPANY |
History Solution Class 9
5. Write two objectives of the East India Company to permanently rule in India.
Answer: Two objectives of the East India Company to permanently rule in India are:
a. to establish trade supremacy in India.
b. to make sure about political strength in India for affirming British hold over India.
6. When and where in India was the first trade centre of the English established?
Answer: The first trade centre of the English established in India At Masulipatnam in 1611.
7. What is 'Fort William'?
 |
| WILLIAM III |
Answer: 'Fort William' is a fort built in Calcutta to pay tribute to William III, the ruler of England. The old name of Fort William was Calcutta Trade centre.
8. Which were the two main divisions of the British administrative period of dependent India?
Answer: The British administrative period of dependent India was divided into the following two fundamental divisions:
(I) From the defeat of the Mughal empire to the Sepoy Mutiny, The East India Company dethroned the Indian Rulers, unified the dissipated divisions and started a central administration over the whole British Indian region.
(II) In the subsequent stage, i. e. from 1858 to 1947, numerous significant administrative changes and government assistance measures were presented in India by the British Crown to guarantee an organized British administration in India.
9. Who, when and with what objectives was the 'government of India Act' enacted?
Answer: The Government of India Act was passed by the British Parliament on second August 1858, with the goals that the British government would have the power to control India directly.
10. When and with what objective was the "Indian Councils Act' enacted?
Answer: The Indian Councils Act was passed by the British Parliament in 1861 with the objective to make the educated Indians acquainted with the new authoritative structure which was based on the Government of India Act, 1858.
11. What were the efforts made by the British to establish trade relations with India? Analyse the steps by which they succeeded.
Answer: The British put forth endless attempts to set up trade relations with India. The following is an outline of different attempts before they finally succeeded in setting up the first trade centre of the East India Company in 1611 at Musalipatnam.
(I) During the reign of Mughal emperor Akbar: In 1599, Queen Elizabeth of England sent Johnes MildentHall, an English sailor with an appeal letter to acquire certain trade benefits from the Mughal ruler. This was the first time when an Englishman reached India via sea route with a trading purpose.
(II) During the reign of Mughal emperor Jahangir: In 1608, Captain William Hawkins, an English merchant came to India with a request letter from English King James I to the Mughal ruler Jahangir urging for trade relation with India. the emperor issued a firman allowing setting up of an English settlement at Surat.
 |
| WILLIAM HAWKINS |
Again in 1615, Sir Thomas Roe, an Englishman was sent with an appeal from English King James I to Mughal ruler Jahangir. But, Jahangir refused to sign any trade contracts, he granted English merchants permission to set up factories at Surat.
 |
| THOMAS ROE |
History Solution Class 9
(III) During the reign of Mughal emperor Farukhsiyar: In 1715, another proposal for trade relations was offered by John Surman, as the leader of an English delegation, to the Mughal emperor Farukhsiyar. A member of the delegation, an English surgeon William Hamilton, cured Farukhsiyar of a painful illness. As a reward, Farukhsiyar conceded three imperial 'firmans' to the East India company. By these three firmans:
(a) The company got the privilege of duty-free trade in Bengal with a yearly instalment of Rs. 3000.
(b) The company was allowed to lease additional territory around Calcutta.
(c) The company continued to enjoy the advantage of free trade in Mughal Deccan.
12. How did the east India company establish three trade centres at three important places in India?
Answer: The three trade centres of the East India Company at three important places in India were:
(a) Trade Centre at Masulipanam - The East India Company built up its first trade centre at Masulipatnam in 1611, with the authorization of the Sultan of Golkunda.
(b) Trade Cente at Armagaon - The East India Company began its subsequent trade centre at Armagaon in 1636. The company went into a settlement with the king of Chandragiri to transfer the Armagaon trade centre to Madras. This trade centre was renamed as Fort st George.
(c) trade Center at Calcutta - In 1690, Job Charnock, the company official, made a treaty with the Nawab of Bengal to obtain zamindari right over three villages, viz. Gobindapur, Sutanutee and kali Ghata (Kolkata), subject to an instalment of Rs. 1,200 per annum. He built up a trade centre here. Afterwards, these three villages amalgamated to form the town of Calcutta.
13. Who was the most remarkable person of the East India Company to pave the way for the establishment of British imperialism in India? Write with four arguments about his strategies to lay the foundation stone of the British Empire.
Answer: Robert Clive, the Governor during the period 1757-60 and again from 1765-67 was the most remarkable person to pave the way for the foundation of the British dominion in India.
 |
| ROBERT CLIVE |
The strategies of Robert Clive which laid the foundation of the British Empire were:
(a) He contrived plans by which other European companies were ousted from India.
(b) He adopted the policy of either war or friendship to win over the native kings.
(c) He developed the friendship with the Nawab of Bengal, Nizam of Hyderabad, Nawab of Oudh, kings of Rajputana, and consented such agreements with them by which they lost their power over their kingdoms.
(d) Clive deceitfully won the Battle of Plassey (1757) against Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa and laid the foundation of the British empire in India.
14. Write four causes for the outbreak of the Sepoy Mutiny.
Answer: Four main causes for the outbreak of the Sepoy Mutiny were:
(1) Political Cause - The reactionary policies of Lord Dalhousie caused disappointment among the people.
(2) Economic Cause - Scrapping the name of the Mughal Emperor from the coins of the East India Company in 1835.
 |
| SEPOY MUTINY |
(3) Social Cause - Unrest among the imperial class and the ordinary citizens brought about by the previous hundred years of British rule.
(4) Religious Cause - The last sparkle for the uprising was provided by the rumour of cartridges being greased with tallow made from beef and pork, which were against the strict convictions of the Hindus and the Muslims respectively.
History Solution Class 9
15. Mention four important results of the Sepoy Mutiny.
Answer: Major changes in the British government's view of India was the result of the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857. These changes can be divided into two broad categories:
I. Constitutional Changes:
(a) Passing of Government of India Act, 1858: The British government approved the Government of India Act, 1858, which allowed the British government to directly administer India.
(b) Queen's Proclamation: Viceroy Lord Canning made an announcement declaring himself Queen Victoria's representative. The main purpose of this proclamation was to end the contradictions and hesitation among the Indians. He also abolished The Doctrine of lapse.
II. Social Changes:
(a) Modernisation of Indian society: Owing to the uprising, The minds of orthodox Indians changed significantly. Many newly educated Indians were inspired by contemporary western culture.
(b) Realization of the need of organization: The bravery and confidence of the rebellious sepoys became an inspiration. But before beginning another national movement, the people realised that they had to be organised.
(c) Unity among Indians: Under the direct British rule, the Indians were infused with a sense of unity as being 'We Indians'. People from various castes and races started to see themselves as one entity.
16. Mention
four administrative changes brought through the ‘Government of India Act.’
Answer:
The British Government passed an Act named the Government of India Act in 1858
following the Sepoy Mutiny. The administrative changes brought through this Act
were:
a.
Change of Authority: The Administration of India shifted from the English East
India Company to the British Crown by introducing the new Act.
b.
Appointment of the Secretary of State for India: A new official named the
Secretary of State for India was appointed. The Secretary of State for India
was directed by a council of 15 members composed of 8 members from the British
Government and 7 from the East India Company, called the ‘Council of India’. c.
Appointment of Viceroy and Governors: The Act decreed that the Governor-General
would henceforth be known as ‘Viceroy’ and would be appointed by the British
Government along with provincial heads, who would be called Governors.
d.
Control of Company Army: The Act put the Company Army under the British
Government's direct control.
e.
Role of Secretary: The Secretary of the Council was empowered to:
(i) Preside over the Council, and
(ii) prepare and send an annual report to the British Parliament on all documents concerning Indian administration.
17. Write about two main reforms of Lord Canning.
Answer:
Viceroy Lord Canning's two major reforms were:
(a) Bengal Rent Act, 1859: The primary aims of the Act were as follows:
I. To eradicate the chaos created by the Permanent Settlement.
II. To give the tenants their property rights.
III. To protect the indigo farmers from the indigo traders' influence.
(b) Improvement in the education system: Lord Canning carried out Wood’s despatch and opened the educational department in each state presided by a secretary.
(i) Preside over the Council, and
(ii) prepare and send an annual report to the British Parliament on all documents concerning Indian administration.
17. Write about two main reforms of Lord Canning.
 |
| LORD CANNING |
(a) Bengal Rent Act, 1859: The primary aims of the Act were as follows:
I. To eradicate the chaos created by the Permanent Settlement.
II. To give the tenants their property rights.
III. To protect the indigo farmers from the indigo traders' influence.
(b) Improvement in the education system: Lord Canning carried out Wood’s despatch and opened the educational department in each state presided by a secretary.
18. Write
two merits and two demerits of the ‘Indian Councils Act.’
Answer:
Indian Councils Act was passed in 1861. The following are two merits of the
Act:
Formation of
representative government: The Indians were empowered by legal procedure to
participate in the legislative functions of the highest administrative unit.
(b) Authorisation of
the Central Legislative assemblies: Authority for making legislation and implementing laws on finance,
revenue, security and defence for the territories of the British occupied
Indian states and native Indian states was granted to the central Legislative
Council.
Two
demerits of this Act Are:
(a) Unlimited powers of
Viceroy: The Viceroy could annul the Legislative Assembly's proposed laws and
suggestions.
(b) Limitation of the
Provincial Government: Certain limitations were placed on the legal powers of
the Legislative Council.
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