GRAMMAR

TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCE 1

Transformation of Sentence means changing the form of a sentence without changing its meaning. The transformation can be done in a number of ways. 

1. Transformation of sentences containing the adverb ‘too’: Sentences containing the adverb ‘too’ can be transformed by using the structure ‘so’….‘that’. 
E.g.: He is too proud to beg. 
He is so proud that he cannot beg.

 2. Sentence transformation using too…to: : Sentences containing ‘too ..... to’ can be transformed by using the structure ‘so….‘that’. 
 E.g.: He was so tired that he could not walk. 
 He was too tired to walk. Note: 
The adverb too means ‘more than is necessary or expected’. It has a negative meaning. The structure too…to has a similar meaning.

3. Transformation of sentences containing the adverb ‘no sooner…‘than’: Sentences containing 'no sooner…than' can be transformed using 'as soon as' or 'scarcely/hardly had…when'. 
E.g.: No sooner had I reached the station than the train arrived. 
As soon as I reached the station the train arrived. 
Hardly had I reached the station when the train arrived. 
Scarcely had I reached the station when the train arrived. 

4. Interchange of the degrees of Comparison: It is possible to change the degree of comparison of an adjective or adverb in a sentence, without changing the meaning of the sentence. 
E.g.: No other metal is as useful as iron. (Positive) 
Iron is more useful than any other metal. (Comparative) 
Iron is the most useful of all metals. (Superlative)

5. Interchange of Active and Passive Voice: (a)A sentence in the active form can be changed into the passive form.
E.g.: I read the book long ago. (Active). 
The book was read by me long ago. (Passive) 

(b) A sentence in the passive form can be changed into active form. 
E.g.: The letter was written by the clerk. (Passive) 
The clerk wrote the letter. (Active)

6. Interchange of Affirmative and Negative sentences: (a) An Affirmative sentence can be converted into Negative sentence. 
E.g.: I care very little what he says about me. (Affirmative) 
I do not care what he says about me. (Negative) 
(b) A Negative sentence  can be converted into Affirmative sentence. 
E.g.: Nobody was absent. (Negative) 
Everybody was present. (Affirmative)

7. Interchange of Interrogative and Assertive Sentences: (a) An Interrogative sentence can be converted into an Assertive sentence. 
E.g.: Who does not know him? (Interrogative Sentence) 
Every one knows him. (Assertive Sentence) 
(b) An Assertive sentence can be converted into an Interrogative sentence. 
E.g.: She has finished her work. (Assertive Sentence) 
Has she not finished her work? (Interrogative Sentence)

8. Interchange of Exclamatory and Assertive Sentences: (a) An Exclamatory sentence can be converted into an Assertive sentence. 
E.g.: What a delicious meal! (Exclamatory sentence) 
It was a very delicious meal. (Assertive Sentence) 
(b) An Assertive sentence can be converted into an Exclamatory sentence. 
E.g.: This is indeed a pleasant surprise. (Assertive Sentence) 
What a pleasant surprise this is! (Exclamatory sentences)

9. Interchange of Exclamatory and Affirmative sentences: (a) An exclamatory sentence can be converted into an Affirmative sentence. 
E.g.: What a beautiful sight it was! (Exclamatory sentence) 
It was a very beautiful sight. (Affirmative sentence)  
(b) Similarly, an Affirmative sentence can be converted into an Exclamatory sentence. 
E.g.  It is a very cold night. (Affirmative sentence)
What a cold night it is! (Exclamatory sentence) 

10. Interchange of Imperative and Interrogative sentences: (a) An Imperative sentence can be converted into an Interrogative sentence. 
E.g.: Speak loudly. (Imperative sentence) 
Will you speak loudly? (Interrogative sentence) 
(b) An Interrogative sentence can be converted into an Imperative sentence. 
E.g.: Will you shut the door? (Interrogative sentence) 
Shut the door. (Imperative sentence)

TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCE 2

1. Conversion of Simple Sentences to Compound Sentences: A simple sentence can be converted into a compound one by enlarging a word or a phrase into a co-ordinate clause. 
E.g.: He must work very hard to make up for the lost time. (Simple) 
He must work very hard and make up for the lost time. (Compound) 
E.g.: The man, being very hungry, ate too much. (Simple) 
The man was very hungry and so ate too much. (Compound) 

2. Conversion of Compound Sentences to Simple Sentences: A compound sentence can be converted to a simple sentence by contracting a co-ordinate clause into a word or a phrase. 
E.g.: He is rich, yet he is not contented. (Compound) 
In spite being rich, he is not contented. (Simple) 
He finished his exercise and put away his books. (Compound) 
Having finished his exercise, he put away his books. (Simple)

3. Conversion of Simple Sentences to Complex Sentences: A simple sentence can be transformed into a complex sentence by expanding a word or phrase into a subordinate clause. The clause may be Noun, Adjective or Adverb. 
(a) He confessed his crime. 
He confessed that he was guilty of the crime. Here the noun (his crime) has been changed into a subordinated clause. 
(b) On the arrival of the mails, the ship will leave.  
The ship will leave as soon as the mails arrive. Here the adverbial phrase has been changed into a subordinate clause. 
(c) I saw a wounded dog.  
I saw a dog that was wounded. Here the adjective phrase has been changed into a subordinate clause.

4. Conversion of Complex Sentences to Simple Sentence: A complex sentence can be transformed into a simple sentence by contracting the sub-ordinate clause to a word or a phrase. 
(a) How long I will stay is a doubtful?  
The duration of my stay is doubtful. Here, the Subordinate Clause has been changed into a Noun Clause. 
(b) The moment that is lost is lost for ever.  
The lost moment is lost forever. Here also the Subordinate Clause has been changed into an Adjective Clause. 
(c) He was too tired that he can not stand.  
He was too tired to stand. Here the Subordinate Clause has been changed into an Adverb Clause.


5. Conversion of Compound Sentences to Complex Sentence: A compound sentence can be converted to a complex sentence by converting a co-ordinate clause to a sub-ordinate clause. 
(a) He aimed at winning the prize and worked hard.(Compound) 
He worked hard so that he might win the prize.(Complex ) 
(b) Do this, or you will be punished. 
Unless you do this, you will be punished. 

6. Conversion of Complex Sentences to Compound Sentence: A complex sentence can be converted to a compound sentence by converting the sub-ordinate clause into a co-ordinate clause. 
(a) We can prove that the earth is round. (Complex) 
The earth is round and we can prove it.(Compound) 
(b) If you eat too much you will be ill. (Complex) 
Don’t eat too much or you will be ill. (Compound)

CONJUNCTION

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

English Solution Grammar

Conjunction: It is a word used to join words or sentences. Such as: but, and, though, since.  E.g.:

(a) Robin and Harry are cousins. 

(b) I ran fast, but missed the bus. 

In the first example, the word and is used to join two words “Rama” and “Hari” and hence it is a Conjunction. In the second example, the word but joins the two sentences “I ran fast”; “ Missed the bus” and hence it is a Conjunction.

The 3 types of Conjunction are: 

1. Coordinating Conjunctions Examples: And, or, but, neither. 

2. Subordinating Conjunctions Examples: after, although, unless, because, in order, since, if, that. 

3. Correlative Conjunctions Examples: Not only…but also, neither…..nor, though…yet.

1. Coordinating Conjunctions: Coordinating conjunctions are those which join words, phrases or independent clauses of equal rank or importance. In other words, Coordinating Conjunctions joins together two statements or clauses of equal rank such as For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet,

Example: Molly sang 'and' Polly danced.

There are four types of Coordinating Conjunctions namely: Cumulative or Copulative, Adversative, Disjunctive or Alternative, and Illative Conjunctions.

Types of Coordinating Conjunction: 

1. Cumulative or Copulative: Cumulative or Copulative conjunctions are those which merely add one statement to another. Example: She was both clever and pretty. 

2. Adversative: Adversative conjunctions are those which express contrast between two statements. Example: Tim is ambitious while his brother is quite the reverse. 

3. Disjunctive or Alternative : Disjunctive or Alternative conjunctions are those which express a choice between two alternatives. Example: He does not smoke, nor does he drink. 

4. Illative: Illatives are those which express an inference. For instance: He has been working hard, so he will pass.

2. Subordinating Conjunctions: Subordinating Conjunctions are those which join a clause to another clause where one clause (subordinate clause) is dependent on another clause (principal clause) for its full meaning. Note that a subordinate clause cannot stand on its own and doesn’t make complete sense. 

Examples(a) He said 'that' he was ill. 

(b) I will come 'if' you invite me. 

Note: Some of the subordinating conjunctions like- after, before, since are also prepositions, but as subordinators they are being used to introduce a clause and to subordinate the following clause to the independent element in the sentence.

Subordinating Conjunctions can be classified according to their meaning. 

1. Conjunction of Time: after, before, since, as soon as, while, until, as, so long as, ere, till 

2. Conjunction of Purpose: in order that, lest, so that, that 

3. Conjunction of Cause: because, since, as 

4. Conjunction of Condition: if, unless, provided, provided that, supposing, unless, as, Whether, on condition. 

5. Conjunction of Result or Effect: So….that 

6. Conjunction of Comparison: than, no less than, as…..as, as much as. 

7. Conjunction of Manner: as, so far as, according as, as if. 

8. Conjunction of Concession or Contrast: though, although, however, notwithstanding, as, even if, whatever, whichever.

3. Correlative Conjunctions: Correlative Conjunctions are those which combine with other words to form what are called as Correlative Conjunctions. They always travel in pairs, joining various sentence elements that should be treated as grammatically equal. In other words, they are conjunctions used in pairs that link balanced words, phrases and clauses. 

Examples:

(a) She led the team not only in statistics but also by virtue of her enthusiasm. 

(b) Polonius said, "Neither a borrower nor a lender be”. 

In the first example, ‘She led the team not only in statistics but also by virtue of her enthusiasm.’ It is the only sentence and ‘not only’ and ‘but also’ are the paired conjunctions which give meaning to the sentence. Same applies to the second example where ‘Neither’ and ‘nor’ are paired conjunctions.

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