CHANGE OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE

 

Assertion (A): The erosional capacity of a river changes significantly when it moves from a mountainous slope to a plain.

Reason (R): In the plains, the river's slope decreases, causing a reduction in its flow velocity and an increase in sediment deposition.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: The assertion states that a river's erosional capacity changes when it transitions from a mountainous slope to a plain, which is a true statement. The reasoning explains this change by noting that the river's slope and velocity decrease in the plains, leading to increased sediment deposition. This directly explains why the river's erosional capacity diminishes, as it shifts from a narrow, deep channel with high velocity to a wider, shallower one. Therefore, R is the correct explanation for A.

 

Assertion (A): During the Ice Age, the activities of glaciers were more extensive than they are today.

Reason (R): The character and intensity of exogenic factors are not similar over space and time.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: Both the assertion and the reasoning are true statements. The text mentions that during the Ice Age, approximately two million years ago, most of the Earth's surface was covered in ice, making the activities of glaciers more extensive than they are today. The text also confirms that the character and intensity of external factors vary over space and time. However, the reasoning (R) is a general principle about exogenic factors, while the assertion (A) is a specific historical example of this principle. The reasoning doesn't explain why glacial activity was greater; it simply states a general truth that includes this specific example. Therefore, R is not the correct explanation for A.

 

Assertion (A): The great river island Majuli is a type of sandbar formed by the Brahmaputra River.

Reason (R): Sandbars are generally temporary features that can be of various sizes and shapes.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: Both the assertion and the reasoning are true statements based on the provided text. The assertion is true because Majuli is explicitly identified as a "kind of sandbar" of the Brahmaputra River. The reasoning is also true, as sandbars are described as "temporary and of various sizes and shapes". However, the reason does not explain why Majuli is a sandbar. It only describes the general characteristics of sandbars. Therefore, R is not the correct explanation for A.

 

Assertion (A): The processes involved in the formation of Earth's surface features can be classified as either exogenic or endogenic.

Reason (R): Endogenic forces operate from outside visibly, while exogenic forces work in the Earth's interior invisibly.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: C) A is true, but R is false.

 

Explanation: The assertion is correct, as the text divides the processes shaping the Earth's surface into exogenic and endogenic factors. However, the reasoning is false. The document states the opposite:

Exogenic forces operate from outside visibly, and endogenic ones work in the Earth's interior invisibly. Since the reasoning provides a false definition, the correct choice is C.

 

Assertion (A): Rivers can create horseshoe lakes in their valleys.

Reason (R): The river's meandering course is straightened, leaving the cut-off part to form a lake.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: The assertion is true; the text mentions that a cut-off part of a river's highly winding course can form a horseshoe lake. The reasoning accurately describes the process: a river straightens its course, leaving the most winding part cut off, which then becomes the lake. The reasoning directly explains the formation process described in the assertion. Therefore, R is the correct explanation for A.

 

Assertion (A): The surface of the Earth is composed of continents and oceans.

Reason (R): The Hydrosphere covers 71% and the landmass covers 29% of the Earth's surface.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: Both statements are correct facts from the text. However, the reason (R) is a statistical fact about the proportions of land and water, not an explanation of what the Earth's surface is composed of. Therefore, R does not explain A.

 

Assertion (A): Exogenic factors operate from outside the Earth visibly.

Reason (R): Endogenic factors work in the Earth's interior invisibly.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: Both statements are true facts from the document. However, they are two separate definitions, and one does not explain the other.

 

Assertion (A): Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are responsible for making the land surface and ocean bottoms irregular.

Reason (R): These events are caused by endogenic factors.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: The assertion is true; endogenic factors like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions cause irregularities. The reason is also true and directly explains why these events occur. Thus, R is the correct explanation of A.

 

Assertion (A): The character and intensity of exogenic factors are not similar over space and time.

Reason (R): During the Ice Age, glacial activity was more extensive than it is today.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: Both statements are true. However, the reason is a specific example of the general principle stated in the assertion. It doesn't explain why the character and intensity vary. Therefore, R is not the correct explanation of A.

 

Assertion (A): Plate tectonics is the major process behind the occurrence of endogenic events.

Reason (R): The movement of the Earth's crustal plates causes earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: The assertion is true as plate tectonics is identified as a major process. The reasoning is also true and provides the direct cause-and-effect link, explaining how plate movement leads to these events. R correctly explains A.

Assertion (A): The erosive power of a river increases when rainwater flows into a river.

Reason (R): The erosive power of a river depends on the structure of the basin surface, the hardness of rocks, and the amount of water flow.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: Both statements are true. The erosive power increases as water flows as a river , and it is dependent on various factors. However, R lists the factors that affect erosion; it doesn't explain why erosion increases when water becomes a river.

 

Assertion (A): The erosional capacity of a river changes significantly when it moves from a mountainous slope to a plain.

Reason (R): In the plains, the river's slope decreases, causing a reduction in its flow velocity and an increase in sediment deposition.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: The assertion is true; the erosional capacity changes. The reasoning explains this change by detailing how the decrease in slope and velocity leads to deposition, which is the direct cause of the change in erosional capacity. Therefore, R is the correct explanation for A.

 

Assertion (A): Lateral erosion causes a river channel to widen in the plains.

Reason (R): In the plains, the river's channel depth decreases due to sediment deposition.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: The assertion is true; lateral erosion widens the channel. The reasoning is also true and explains the cause of lateral erosion: the river needs to widen to compensate for the decrease in depth caused by deposition. Thus, R correctly explains A.

 

Assertion (A): A river's course becomes zigzag or meandering in the plains.

Reason (R): The meandering course is caused by lateral erosion over gentle slopes.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: The assertion states that the river's course becomes zigzag in the plains. The reasoning accurately states that lateral erosion is the cause of this meandering course. R is the correct explanation for A.

 

Assertion (A): A river's highly meandering course can lead to the formation of a horseshoe lake.

Reason (R): During summer, the river straightens its course, leaving the winding part cut-off.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: Both statements are true and directly linked. The text states that a cut-off part of a highly winding course can form a horseshoe lake. The reason explains the process, stating that the river straightens its course, which leads to the cut-off. R correctly explains A.

 

Assertion (A): The great river island Majuli is a type of sandbar formed by the Brahmaputra River.

Reason (R): Sandbars are generally temporary and of various sizes and shapes.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: Both the assertion and the reasoning are true statements from the text. However, the reason describes a general characteristic of sandbars, but it does not explain why Majuli is a sandbar.

 

Assertion (A): Rivers carry sediments in three ways: dissolved, suspended, and rolling states.

Reason (R): These processes are a result of the river's transportational and depositional works.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: The assertion is true, as the text outlines the three ways sediments are carried. The reasoning is also true and provides the correct context, as these are the methods by which the river transports and deposits sediments. R correctly explains A.

 

Assertion (A): Floodplains are suitable for cultivation.

Reason (R): During floods, rivers spread sand, mud, and silt, making the floodplains fertile.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: The assertion is true; floodplains are fertile and suitable for cultivation. The reason explains why they are fertile, stating that floods deposit fertile materials like sand, mud, and silt. Thus, R is the correct explanation for A.

 

Assertion (A): Deltas are formed in the mouths of rivers where they debouch into shallow seas.

Reason (R): The islands formed by river deposits take the shape of the Greek letter delta (Δ) or the Assamese letter 'ব'.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: Both statements are true. The assertion correctly identifies where deltas are formed. The reasoning describes the origin of their name and shape. However, the shape does not explain why they are formed in that specific location.

 

Assertion (A): The Brahmaputra, Ganga, Indus, Mississippi, and Nile are known for their extensive floodplains.

Reason (R): Floodplains are fertile plains formed on both sides of a river as a result of long-continued sediment deposition.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: The assertion is true, listing rivers with extensive floodplains. The reasoning explains what a floodplain is and how it is formed. The formation process described in R is the reason these rivers have such plains. Therefore, R correctly explains A.

 

Assertion (A): Wind is an important exogenic factor, especially in desert areas.

Reason (R): In deserts, the lack of vegetal cover allows wind to act easily on the surface.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: The assertion is true; wind is a significant factor in deserts. The reasoning explains the specific condition that makes wind so effective in deserts—the thin vegetal cover. Thus, R is the correct explanation for A.

Assertion (A): Deflation often creates dust storms in deserts.

Reason (R): Deflation is the process of sand and dust blowing away from an area.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: Both statements are true, and the reasoning defines the process (deflation) that causes the result (dust storm) mentioned in the assertion. R correctly explains A.

 

Assertion (A): Sand dunes are formed where sand and dust are deposited.

Reason (R): The shape and size of sand dunes vary depending on the nature and strength of the wind.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: Both statements are true. However, the reason describes the variability of sand dunes, not the process of their formation. The formation is due to the deposition of sand and dust, while the reason describes how their characteristics change based on wind.

 

Assertion (A): The activities of glaciers were more extensive during the Ice Age.

Reason (R): During that time, most of the Earth's surface was under ice cover.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: The assertion is true; glacial activity was more extensive in the past. The reason explains why this was the case: the widespread ice cover. Thus, R is the correct explanation for A.

 

Assertion (A): The Himalayas are affected by glaciers.

Reason (R): The Himalayas are a high-altitude area.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: The assertion is supported by the text's image caption and the general statement that glaciers are dominant in high-altitude areas. The reasoning is correct, as high altitude areas are where glaciers are found.

 

Assertion (A): The formation of geomorphic features in deserts is primarily determined by wind action. Reason (R): The sources of exogenic factors are the sun and the Earth's atmosphere.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: Both statements are true. The assertion is from the text. The reason is a general statement about all exogenic factors. R does not explain why wind specifically determines desert features.

 

Assertion (A): A river channel in a mountainous region is typically narrow and deep with high velocity. Reason (R): The steep slope of the mountains contributes to the high velocity of the river.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: The assertion is a direct description from the text. The reason explains the cause of the high velocity mentioned in the assertion, as the steep slope is the primary factor. R correctly explains A.

Assertion (A): The Brahmaputra River has many sandbars on its bed.

Reason (R): The river's speedy flow during summer affects the size and shape of the sandbars.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: Both statements are true. However, R describes what happens to the sandbars, not why they are numerous on the Brahmaputra's bed. It describes an effect, not the cause of their presence.

 

Assertion (A): The Brahmaputra and Barak rivers of Assam have created many horseshoe lakes in their valleys. Reason (R): Horseshoe lakes are formed when a river straightens its highly winding course, leaving a cut-off part to form a lake.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: The assertion states a fact about the Brahmaputra and Barak rivers. The reasoning provides the general process of how horseshoe lakes are formed. This general process explains the specific examples in the assertion.

 

Assertion (A): Natural levees are significant from a geographical point of view.

Reason (R): Natural levees are formed by the deposition of relatively heavy materials near the river channel, creating a long embankment.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Explanation: Both statements are true. The assertion is a general statement from the text. The reason explains the formation of natural levees. However, the reason does not explain

 

Assertion (A): Glaciers are significant agents of change in high mountain areas.

Reason (R): Glaciers move from high to low altitudes, causing erosion and deposition.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: The assertion is true as glaciers are dominant in high mountains. The reasoning explains why they are significant: their movement from high to low altitudes is what facilitates their erosional and depositional work. R correctly explains A.

 

Assertion (A): When a glacier moves, it carries away sands, gravels, boulders, and other debris.

Reason (R): Glaciers are powerful agents of erosion and transportation.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation: The assertion is true, describing what glaciers carry. The reasoning explains the general principle that allows them to do this. The transportation of debris is a direct consequence of their being powerful agents of erosion and transportation. R correctly explains A.

 

Assertion (A): The Himalayas are not affected by glaciers.

Reason (R): Glaciers are only found in the polar regions.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: D) A is false, but R is true.

 

Explanation: The assertion is false. The text and common geographical knowledge state that the Himalayas are home to glaciers. The reasoning is false, as glaciers are found in both polar regions and high-altitude mountain areas.

 

Assertion (A): Moraines are a type of depositional feature of glaciers.

Reason (R): Moraines are created from the deposition of debris carried by the glacier.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: The assertion is true, identifying moraines as a depositional feature. The reasoning explains the process by which moraines are formed, which is the deposition of the debris carried by the glacier. R correctly explains A.

 

Assertion (A): U-shaped valleys are erosional features of glaciers.

Reason (R): Glaciers erode the pre-existing river valleys, making them U-shaped.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: Both statements are true. The assertion identifies U-shaped valleys as an erosional feature. The reasoning explains how glaciers erode and reshape the valley to form its characteristic U-shape. R correctly explains A.

 

Assertion (A): The work of sea waves is more prominent in coastal areas.

Reason (R): Sea waves are a primary exogenic factor in coastal regions.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: The assertion is true, as the text states that sea waves are a major force in coastal areas. The reasoning explains this by identifying sea waves as a "primary" factor in that environment. R correctly explains A.

 

Assertion (A): Cliffs are formed on high coastal lands.

Reason (R): The force of sea waves breaks rocks and gradually forms steep coastal slopes.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: Both the assertion and the reasoning are true. The assertion identifies where cliffs are formed. The reasoning provides the process—the erosional action of sea waves on rocks—that leads to the formation of the steep slopes of cliffs. R correctly explains A.

 

Assertion (A): Sea waves create depositional features like lagoons and beaches.

Reason (R): The deposition of sand and gravel carried by the sea waves forms these features.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: The assertion correctly states that sea waves create depositional features like lagoons and beaches. The reasoning explains the process—the deposition of sediments—that forms these features. R correctly explains A.

 

Assertion (A): A beach is a temporary feature.

Reason (R): The shape and size of a beach can change due to the force of sea waves, tides, and storms.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: The assertion is true; beaches are temporary. The reason explains the cause of this temporary nature by citing the dynamic forces of waves, tides, and storms that constantly change their shape and size. R correctly explains A.

 

Assertion (A): Wind is an effective agent of change in deserts, while rivers are effective in plains.

Reason (R): The effectiveness of an exogenic factor depends on the local environment and its intensity.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: The assertion is a true comparison based on the text. The reasoning provides the general principle that explains why different exogenic factors are more effective in different environments. This principle directly explains the situation described in the assertion. R correctly explains A.

 

Assertion (A): Exogenic factors are considered destructive or denudational forces.

Reason (R): They are responsible for levelling the land surface.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: The assertion is true, identifying exogenic factors as destructive. The reasoning explains this by stating their function is to level the land surface, which is a key part of their destructive work. R correctly explains A.

 

Assertion (A): The Earth's surface features are a result of processes that have operated through the ages. Reason (R): The processes involved have not changed over time.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: C) A is true, but R is false.

 

Explanation: The assertion is true; the features are a result of processes over time. The reasoning, however, is false. The text explicitly states, "The processes involved in the genesis of these features also get changed with the passage of time."

 

Assertion (A): The large-scale features on the Earth's surface are primarily formed by endogenic forces. Reason (R): Endogenic forces are constructive in nature.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: The assertion is true; large features like mountains are created by endogenic forces. The reasoning provides the correct explanation by stating that endogenic forces are "constructive," which means they build up the landforms. R correctly explains A.

 

Assertion (A): The Earth's crustal plates are constantly moving.

Reason (R): This movement causes earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: The assertion is true, stating the continuous movement of plates. The reasoning explains the direct result of this movement—the occurrence of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. R correctly explains A.

 

Assertion (A): Glaciers have a significant impact on the landscape.

Reason (R): They are responsible for both erosion and deposition.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true, but R is false.

D) A is false, but R is true.

Correct Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

 

Explanation: The assertion is true. The reasoning explains how they have this impact by detailing their two main functions, erosion and deposition, which are the fundamental processes that shape the land. R correctly explains A