The Burmese Invasion of Assam
Mind Map: Burmese Invasion of Assam
The central theme is the BURMESE INVASION OF ASSAM.
1. Key Invasions (The Main Events)
1817 Invasion (First
Cause: Badanchandra Barphukan sought help from the Burmese King Bodawpaya against the powerful Prime Minister, Purnananda Buragohain
. Result: Burmese defeated the Ahom army; Purnananda Buragohain died
. Badanchandra was appointed Mantri Barphukan . The Burmese returned home quickly .
1819 Invasion (Second)
Cause: To avenge the assassination of Badanchandra Barphukan in 1818
. Result: Burmese restored Chandrakanta Singha to the throne
. Purandhar Singha and Ruchinath fled to British territory .
1821 Invasion (Third)
Cause: Chandrakanta Singha tried to block the Burmese routes by building a fort
. The new Burmese King Bagyidaw was enraged . Result: Chandrakanta Singha fled to the English
. The Burmese installed a puppet king, Jogeswar Singha ("Maane Pata Raja") .
2. Causes of the Invasion
Importance/Autocracy of Purnananda Buragohain: He was all-powerful, kept minor kings as puppets, and his stern measures made officials unhappy
. Conflict between Badanchandra and Purnananda: The bitter rivalry led Badanchandra to seek foreign help
.
Expansion Policy: Since the time of King Alaungpaya, Burma wanted to extend its frontier westward, towards Manipur and Cachar
. Against the British: The Burmese wanted to use Assam as a military base against the English
. Refugee Issue: Tension with the English grew after the British refused to send back Arakanese refugees
.
3. The Period of Terror: 'Maanar Din'
Time Period: 1821 A.D. to 1825 A.D.
. Impact: A reign of terror
. Villages were plundered and burnt
. Terrible atrocities were committed against the people
. People became fugitives (bhagania), leading to the period known as 'Maan Bhaganar Din'
. Trade and agriculture suffered
.
4. Results of the Invasion
Fall of Ahom Rule: Paved the way for the downfall of the six-hundred-year-old Ahom rule
. Ahom Kings as Puppets: The kings became nominal rulers under the Burmese tutelage
. Political Instability: The internal conflict and lack of military strength led to total instability
. Intervention by the British: This weakness and the Burmese aggression eventually led to the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26) and the Treaty of Yandaboo
.
Q: What did the people of Assam refer to the Burmese people
as?
Answer: 'Maan'.
Q: What was the King of Burma referred to as by the people of
Assam?
Answer: 'Maan Raja'.
Q: What is the period from 1821 A.D. to 1825 A.D. often
referred to as in Assam history?
Answer: 'Maanar Din'.
Q: What does the period 'Maan Bhaganar Din' refer to?
Answer: The period when people fled as fugitives (bhagania)
due to the atrocities committed by the Burmese.
Q: Which king was popularly known as "Maane Pata
Raja"?
Answer: Jogeswar Singha.
Q: What does "Maane Pata Raja" mean?
Answer: "King installed by the Burmese".
Q: What was the name of the rebellion in Kamrup led by
Haradutta and Biradatta Choudhury?
Answer: 'Danduadroah'.
Q: Which revolt was also known as the Panimua rebellion?
Answer: The rebellion led by Panimua against Purnananda Buragohain
during the reign of Kamaleswar Singha.
Q: Name the two scribes who wrote notes on the Burmese
military operations in Assam.
Answer: 'Baishali Hukong' and 'Baishali
Mung-dun-sun-kham'.
Q: Who succeeded Ahom King Gaurinath Singha?
Answer: Kamaleswar Singha.
Q: Who was the Ahom Prime Minister who became very powerful
and tried to restrict foreign interference?
Answer: Purnananda Buragohain.
Q: Who was Badanchandra Barphukan's daughter, who married
Purnananda's son?
Answer: Pijou Gabharu.
Q: Who replaced Badanchandra as the Barphukan of Gauhati after
being held responsible for the 'Danduadroah' revolt?
Answer: Kaliabhomora.
Q: What title did the Ahom king confer on Kaliabhomora for
suppressing the 'Danduadroah' revolt?
Answer: 'Pratapballabh'.
Q: Who was the Burmese king during the capture of Arakan in
1784 A.D.?
Answer: Bodawpaya.
Q: Who was the Assamese queen of the Burmese king who helped
Badanchandra get military aid?
Answer: Rangili Aidew.
Q: Who assassinated Badanchandra Barphukan in 1818?
Answer: A Subedar named Rup Singh.
Q: Who was the son of Purnananda Buragohain who succeeded him?
Answer: Ruchinath.
Q: Who led the Burmese force in the Second Burmese Invasion of
1819 A.D.?
Answer: A general named Ala Mingi.
Q: Who succeeded Bodawpaya as the King of Burma?
Answer: His grandson, Bagyidaw.
Q: Who was the supervisor of the fort construction at Jaypur
who was killed by Mingimaha Tilwa?
Answer: Patal Barbarua.
Q: Who was installed on the Ahom throne by the Burmese in 1821
A.D. after Chandrakanta Singha fled?
Answer: Prince Jogeswar Singha.
Q: When did the Burmese first invade Assam?
Answer: 1817.
Q: When did the second Burmese invasion of Assam take place?
Answer: 1819.
Q: When did the third Burmese invasion of Assam take place?
Answer: 1821.
Q: In which year was the Kaliabhomora bridge constructed?
Answer: 1987.
Q: At which place did the Burmese army under Badanchandra
first defeat the Ahoms?
Answer: Ghiladhari.
Q: Name the battle considered to be the last one fought to
revive the independence of Assam.
Answer: The Battle of Mahagarh.
Q: What was the last frontier outpost of Assam where
Chandrakanta was defeated?
Answer: Hadirachowki.
Answer: Q: What was the time period of Ahom king Gaurinath
Singha's reign?
Answer: 1780–1795.
Q: Who succeeded Kamaleswar Singha to the Ahom throne?
Answer: Chandrakanta Singha.
Q: During which rebellion did the Burmese first try to
intervene in the politics of Assam?
Answer: The Moamoria rebellion.
Q: In which part of Assam did the Moamorias, along with the
Burmese and Singphos, attack?
Answer: Bengmara (present-day Tinsukia) in Upper Assam.
Q: Who was the chief of the Singphos to whom the Buragohain
diplomatically gave an Ahom girl named Rangili?
Answer: Bichanong.
Q: Who was the Ahom girl that Bichanong presented to the
Burmese king Bodawpaya?
Answer: Rangili.
Q: Who helped Badanchandra against Purnananda?
Answer: Rangili.
Q: Who led the revolt against the Ahom king in Kamrup with the
help of a Burkandaze force of Bengal?
Answer: Haradutta and Biradutta Choudhury.
Q: Who was the Barphukan of Gauhati before Kaliabhomora?
Answer: Badanchandra.
Q: Which two districts did the Kaliabhomora bridge connect
when it was constructed?
Answer: Sonitpur and Nagaon districts.
Q: What is the length of the Kaliabhomora bridge?
Answer: 3015 meters.
Q: Which Ahom king fled from his capital to Gauhati during the
Moamoria rebellion?
Answer: Gaurinath Singha.
Q: Who thought that peace and order were restored
due to the relentless efforts of Purnananda Buragohain after the Moamoria
rebellion?
Answer: Edward Gait.
Q: For how long did Purnananda keep the news of Swargadeo
Gaurinath Singha's death a secret?
Answer: A year.
Q: In which year did Kamaleswar Singha die?
Answer: 1810 A.D..
Q: Who was made the Charingia Phukan and given a seat near the
king after becoming friends with Chandrakanta Singha?
Answer: Satram.
Q: Where was Satram banished before he was killed by Naga
miscreants?
Answer: Namrup.
Q: Who was the son of Purnananda Buragohain?
Answer: Oreshanath.
Q: Who was the Barphukan accused of misappropriating the gold
and silver of temples like Kamakhya and Hajo?
Answer: Badanchandra.
Q: Who was the British official Badanchandra met at Rangpur
(Bengal) before arriving in Calcutta?
Answer: David Scott.
Q: To which capital city of Burma did Badan Barphukan go to
seek the king's assistance?
Answer: Amarapura.
Q: Which Burmese king initiated efforts for the extension of
the frontier?
Answer: King Alaungpaya.
Q: Name two territories to which the Burmese King expanded his
territories.
Answer: Manipur and Cachar.
Q: The occupation of which territory in 1784 A.D. led to the
establishment of the political supremacy of the Burmese in the entire Bay of
Bengal region?
Answer: Arakan.
Q: To which region did the Arakanese refugees flee from
Burmese exploitation?
Answer: British territories of Bengal.
Q: How many Arakanese took refuge in the British territories of
Bengal?
Answer: Around forty thousand.
Q: Which island and port marked the extent of Burmese
political supremacy in the Bay of Bengal region?
Answer: Margui Island to Chattagram port.
Q: Who was the Assamese queen of the Burmese king, who was also
an aunt of Badanchandra?
Answer: Rangili Aidew.
Q: Around how many men did the army sent by Bodawpaya to help
Badanchandra consist of?
Answer: Around 8000 men.
Q: Who led the Ahom army sent by Purnananda Buragohain to stop
the advancing Burmese invaders in 1817?
Answer: Daman Gogoi and Hau Bora.
Q: Where was the battle fought in which the Burmese army under
Badanchandra was first victorious?
Answer: Ghiladhari.
Q: Where did Ruchinath flee after the defeat at Kathalbari?
Answer: Gauhati.
Q: Which city did the Burmese occupy during the First Burmese
Invasion?
Answer: Jorhat.
Q: Who was the king-mother who made elaborate arrangements to
welcome Badan in the capital?
Answer: Numali Rajmao.
Q: After his victory, what new designation was given to
Badanchandra when he was made the Prime Minister?
Answer: Mantri Barphukan.
Q: Who was the Ahom girl Badanchandra presented to the King of
Burma after the 1817 invasion?
Answer: Themo or Hemo Aidew.
Q: What was the main aim of the Burmese invasion of 1817 A.D.?
Answer: To safeguard Badan Barphukan and Swargadeo Chandrakanta
Singha from Purnananda Buragohain.
Q: What was the relationship between Numali Rajmao and King
Chandrakanta Singha?
Answer: She was his mother.
Q: Where was Ruchinath Buragohain when he was summoned to
Jorhat after Badanchandra's assassination?
Answer: Gauhati.
Q: With whose help did Ruchinath advance towards Jorhat after
Badanchandra's assassination?
Answer: Brajanath Singha and his son Purandhar Singha,
along with some Hindustani soldiers.
Q: Who led the force Chandrakanta Singha sent against
Ruchinath?
Answer: Luku Dekaphukan.
Q: Who was proclaimed as the new Ahom king by Ruchinath?
Answer: Brajanath Singha (a grandson of Swargadeo Rajeswar
Singha).
Q: Why was Brajanath Singha considered ineligible for the
throne?
Answer: He had suffered mutilation.
Q: How was Chandrakanta Singha disqualified from sitting on
the throne again after his capture in 1818?
Answer: His right ear was slit.
Q: To which place near Jorhat was Chandrakanta Singha
banished?
Answer: Taratali.
Q: Where did the first engagement of the Second Burmese
Invasion take place?
Answer: Phulapanichiga, near Janji river.
Q: Who led the Ahom army during the first engagement of the
Second Burmese Invasion?
Answer: Jagannath Dhekial Phukan (Ruchinath's brother).
Q: Who was appointed as the Barphukan after the Burmese
reinstated Chandrakanta Singha in 1819?
Answer: A son of Badanchandra.
Q: Who was appointed as the Barbarua after the Burmese
reinstated Chandrakanta Singha in 1819?
Answer: Patal Barua.
Q: Who was left behind with a body of Burmese troops to help
Chandrakanta after Ala Mingi returned to Burma?
Answer: Mingimaha Tilwa.
Q: Where did Chandrakanta Singha plan to construct a fort to
prevent further Burmese inroads?
Answer: Jaypur.
Q: Who was given the responsibility of supervising the
construction of the fort at Jaypur?
Answer: Patal Barbarua.
Q: Who killed Patal Barbarua?
Answer: Mingimaha Tilwa.
Q: How long did Jogeswar Singha rule as the puppet king
installed by the Burmese?
Answer: From 1821 A.D. to 1825.
Q: Which city did the Burmese soon occupy in Lower Assam after
installing Jogeswar Singha?
Answer: Gauhati.
Q: Who did Chandrakanta Singha and Purandhar Singha enlist to
fight against the Burmese after the English refused to help?
Answer: Some mercenaries of Bengal.
Q: Who further strengthened the Burmese army during the
conflict around the Battle of Hadirachowki?
Answer: Another commander, Mingimaha Bandula.
Q: What did the Burmese invasion of Assam pave the way for?
Answer: The downfall of the six-hundred-year-old Ahom rule.
Q: For how long did the Ahom rule last before its downfall was
paved by the Burmese invasion?
Answer: Six hundred years.
Q: What was the status of the Ahom kings under the Burmese
rule?
Answer: They were nominal rulers and under the tutelage
of the Burmese king.
Q: Who is commonly held responsible for the Burmese invasion
of Assam?
Answer: Badanchandra Barphukan.
Q: Who do some scholars believe was equally responsible for
the Burmese invasion along with Badanchandra?
Answer: Purnananda Buragohain.
Q: When did Ahom king Gaurinath Singha die?
Answer: 1795.
Q: When did Kamaleswar Singha die?
Answer: 1810 A.D..
Q: When was Arakan captured by the Burmese?
Answer: 1784 A.D..
Q: In which year was Badanchandra Barphukan assassinated?
Answer: 1818.
Q: When was the Kaliabhomora bridge constructed?
Answer: 1987.
Q: In which year was Chandrakanta Singha installed on the Ahom
throne by the Burmese for the second time?
Answer: 1819.
Q: In which year was Jogeswar Singha installed on the Ahom
throne?
Answer: 1821 A.D..
Q: Jogeswar Singha ruled until which year?
Answer: 1825.
Q: What was the duration of the reign of Jogeswar Singha?
Answer: 1821 to 1825.
Q: When did Bodawpaya die?
Answer: Between 1819 and 1821 (before the Third Invasion).
Q: What was the name of the rebellion led by Panimua?
Answer: Panimua rebellion.
Q: The 'Danduadroah' revolt was suppressed by whom?
Answer: Kaliabhomora.
Q: Who was the king-mother who conspired to get rid of
Badanchandra?
Answer: Numali Rajmao.
Answer: The
Burmese Invasion (which the Assamese called 'Maan Invasion') was mainly
caused by serious internal weaknesses and fights within the Ahom Kingdom.
A. Internal Conflict: The
Ahom Kingdom was already weak due to continuous rebellions (like the Moamoria
Rebellion). This weakness was made worse by a bitter fight between two powerful
officers:
- Purnananda Buragohain: He was the Prime Minister and had become very
powerful.
- Badanchandra Barphukan: He was the Barphukan (Governor) of Guwahati and was
known for being cruel.
- Purnananda planned to arrest
Badanchandra to stop his cruelty.
- To save himself, Badanchandra
fled from Assam.
B. Badanchandra's Invitation:
- Badanchandra went straight to
the court of the King of Burma and asked for military help to get his
position back and fight Purnananda.
- He convinced the Burmese King, Bodawpaya,
that the Ahom Kingdom was rich and easy to defeat.
C. Burmese Ambition:
- The Burmese rulers already had
an expansionist policy, meaning they wanted to expand their empire.
- Badanchandra’s invitation gave
them the perfect excuse to send a large army to Assam in 1817, starting
the cycle of invasions.
Question: Describe the three Burmese Invasions of Assam between 1817 and 1821 and state the outcome of each.
Answer: The Burmese invaded Assam three times in a
short period, which caused great suffering for the people (a time often
remembered as the 'Maanar Din' or "Maan's
Rule").
|
Invasion |
Year |
Main Reason |
Outcome |
First Invasion
|
1817 A.D.
|
Badanchandra Barphukan
invited the Burmese to defeat his rival, Prime Minister Purnananda
Buragohain.
|
The Burmese won easily
at Ghiladhari. Purnananda Buragohain died of shock. Badanchandra was made Prime
Minister with the help of the Burmese. The Burmese army left shortly after.
|
Second Invasion
|
1819 A.D.
|
Badanchandra was killed
by an Ahom noble. The Burmese came back to take revenge for his death.
|
The Burmese army crushed
the Ahom resistance. They replaced the current king with Chandrakanta Singha, but
he was merely a puppet king under Burmese control.
|
Third Invasion
|
1821 A.D.
|
King Chandrakanta Singha
tried to free himself from Burmese control. The Burmese King, Bagyidaw,
decided to annex (fully take over) Assam.
|
This was the most
serious invasion. The Burmese won completely, removed Chandrakanta Singha,
and took direct
control of the Ahom Kingdom. This established Burmese rule in Assam.
|
Question: Explain the major consequences and historical significance of the Burmese Invasion on the Ahom Kingdom.
Answer: The Burmese Invasions were a turning point in the history of
Assam. They completely destroyed the Ahom Kingdom and cleared the way for the
entry of the British.
1. Downfall of the Ahom Rule
· The invasion marked the complete end of the 600-year-old Ahom rule.
· The Ahom kings became nominal rulers (just kings in name) or puppets controlled by the Burmese King.
2. Political Instability and Chaos
· The constant fighting and loss of military strength created massive political instability.
· The period of Burmese rule was a time of great cruelty, loot, and violence, leading to a huge loss of life and property in Assam.
3. Entry of the British
· This is the most important result. When the Burmese took over Assam, their empire started touching the borders of British India (Bengal).
· The aggressive Burmese army became a direct threat to the British. This led to the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826).
4. The Treaty of Yandaboo
· After the British
defeated the Burmese in 1826, they signed a treaty called the Treaty of
Yandaboo.
· This treaty officially ended the war and, most importantly, the Burmese agreed to withdraw completely from Assam and other parts of Northeast India.
· This ultimately put Assam
under the control of the British, starting the era of British rule in
Assam.
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