ENGLISH SOLUTION GRAMMAR

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

English Solution Grammar

Conjunction: It is a word used to join words or sentences. Such as: but, and, though, since.  E.g.:

(a) Robin and Harry are cousins. 

(b) I ran fast, but missed the bus. 

In the first example, the word and is used to join two words “Rama” and “Hari” and hence it is a Conjunction. In the second example, the word but joins the two sentences “I ran fast”; “ Missed the bus” and hence it is a Conjunction.

The 3 types of Conjunction are: 

1. Coordinating Conjunctions Examples: And, or, but, neither. 

2. Subordinating Conjunctions Examples: after, although, unless, because, in order, since, if, that. 

3. Correlative Conjunctions Examples: Not only…but also, neither…..nor, though…yet.

1. Coordinating Conjunctions: Coordinating conjunctions are those which join words, phrases or independent clauses of equal rank or importance. In other words, Coordinating Conjunctions joins together two statements or clauses of equal rank such as For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet,

Example: Molly sang 'and' Polly danced.

There are four types of Coordinating Conjunctions namely: Cumulative or Copulative, Adversative, Disjunctive or Alternative, and Illative Conjunctions.

Types of Coordinating Conjunction: 

1. Cumulative or Copulative: Cumulative or Copulative conjunctions are those which merely add one statement to another. Example: She was both clever and pretty. 

2. Adversative: Adversative conjunctions are those which express contrast between two statements. Example: Tim is ambitious while his brother is quite the reverse. 

3. Disjunctive or Alternative : Disjunctive or Alternative conjunctions are those which express a choice between two alternatives. Example: He does not smoke, nor does he drink. 

4. Illative: Illatives are those which express an inference. For instance: He has been working hard, so he will pass.

2. Subordinating Conjunctions: Subordinating Conjunctions are those which join a clause to another clause where one clause (subordinate clause) is dependent on another clause (principal clause) for its full meaning. Note that a subordinate clause cannot stand on its own and doesn’t make complete sense. 

Examples(a) He said 'that' he was ill. 

(b) I will come 'if' you invite me. 

Note: Some of the subordinating conjunctions like- after, before, since are also prepositions, but as subordinators they are being used to introduce a clause and to subordinate the following clause to the independent element in the sentence.

Subordinating Conjunctions can be classified according to their meaning. 

1. Conjunction of Time: after, before, since, as soon as, while, until, as, so long as, ere, till 

2. Conjunction of Purpose: in order that, lest, so that, that 

3. Conjunction of Cause: because, since, as 

4. Conjunction of Condition: if, unless, provided, provided that, supposing, unless, as, Whether, on condition. 

5. Conjunction of Result or Effect: So….that 

6. Conjunction of Comparison: than, no less than, as…..as, as much as. 

7. Conjunction of Manner: as, so far as, according as, as if. 

8. Conjunction of Concession or Contrast: though, although, however, notwithstanding, as, even if, whatever, whichever.

3. Correlative Conjunctions: Correlative Conjunctions are those which combine with other words to form what are called as Correlative Conjunctions. They always travel in pairs, joining various sentence elements that should be treated as grammatically equal. In other words, they are conjunctions used in pairs that link balanced words, phrases and clauses. 

Examples:

(a) She led the team not only in statistics but also by virtue of her enthusiasm. 

(b) Polonius said, "Neither a borrower nor a lender be”. 

In the first example, ‘She led the team not only in statistics but also by virtue of her enthusiasm.’ It is the only sentence and ‘not only’ and ‘but also’ are the paired conjunctions which give meaning to the sentence. Same applies to the second example where ‘Neither’ and ‘nor’ are paired conjunctions.

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