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Putting Children First. Preparing Children For Success In Life

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Thursday 31 October 2024

A literary comparison of William Wordsworth's and P. B. Shelly's works in English literature: A Comparative Study of the Greatest Romantic Poets.

Rajesh Konwar

 

A LITERARY COMPARISON
A literary comparison of William Wordsworth's and P. B. Shelly's works in English literature: A Comparative Study of the Greatest Romantic Poets.

Prominent Romantic writers Percy Bysshe Shelley and William Wordsworth both had a strong love for the natural world and a strong faith in the strength of the human spirit. However, their poetical visions differ greatly, expressing different aesthetic sensibilities and worldviews.

Similar romantic aspirations:
The Romantic movement, which strongly emphasised emotion, creativity, and respect for nature, had a profound impact on both poets. They honoured the transcendent, the sublime, and the individual. Their poetry frequently explores themes of love, loss, and the pursuit of meaning, probing the depths of the human experience.

Wordsworth: The Human Heart and Nature's Poet.
Wordsworth's poetry is distinguished by its close relationship to the natural world. He found inspiration, spiritual rejuvenation, and comfort in nature. "Tintern Abbey" and "Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey," two of his earliest lyric poems, are prime examples of this close connection to nature. Wordsworth's poetry frequently emphasizes the beauty of the every day, the simple joys of life, and the transformational potential of memory. He captures the essence of ordinary experience with straightforward, evocative, and simple language. Wordsworth thought that imagination was critical to comprehending the world and ourselves. He looked at the power of early imagination and how it influences our adult life.

The revolutionary and idealistic poet Shelley is a visionary.
In contrast, Shelley is a more radical and visionary poet. His poetry frequently expresses a sense of social and political urgency. He was an ardent supporter of justice, equality, and liberty. In poems like "Ode to the West Wind" and "Prometheus Unbound," he examines themes of humanity's yearning for freedom, tyranny, and revolution. Shelley's philosophical depth and intellectual curiosity are evident in his language, which is frequently more elaborate and sophisticated than Wordsworth's. Shelley elevated imagination to new heights, envisioning utopian civilizations and challenging the current quo. His poem "Adonais" is a remarkable demonstration of the transformational power of imagination.

Divergent perspectives on humanity.
Although both poets honour the human spirit, they have different views on people. Wordsworth frequently emphasizes the relationship between a person and nature as well as the influence of memory on identity formation. In contrast, Shelley is more interested in the possibility of social and political change as well as the shared human experience.

While Wordsworth is widely seen as a more conservative poet, he was intensely concerned with social concerns, notably the effects of industrialization on the natural world and humans.
Shelley was a radical thinker who strongly advocated for social and political revolution. His poems "The Masque of Anarchy" and "Prometheus Unbound" convey his longing for a more just and equal society.

In conclusion, despite being contemporaries, Wordsworth and Shelley represent different branches of the Romantic movement. Whereas Shelley's poetry is more cosmic and utopian, Wordsworth's poetry is grounded in the pastoral and the personal. Nonetheless, both poets have a strong belief in the transformative power of the human spirit and the strength of imagination. Both writers and readers are still motivated by their enduring legacy.

Friday 25 October 2024

ON THE FACE OF IT

Rajesh Konwar

 ON THE FACE OF IT

ON THE FACE OF IT


1.     How does Mr. Lamb keep himself busy when it is a bit cool?

Answer: When the weather was cool, Mr. Lamb would take a ladder and a stick and pull down the crab apples. He would make jelly with the ripened oranges and golden apples to keep him occupied.

2.     As told by Mr. Lamb, why did a man lock himself up in his room and what happened to him?

Answer: The man locked himself up in his room because he was afraid that a bus might run him over or a man might breathe deadly germs onto him, or a donkey might kick him to death or lightning might strike him down or he might slip on a banana skin and fall and people would laugh at him. But despite locking himself in the room, he died as a picture fell off the wall on his head.

3.     If you were to give a different ending to the story ‘On the Face of It’ how would you end it?

Answer: I would have given a happy ending to the story. I would not like Mr. Lamb to die at the end. Instead, Derry would be received by Mr. Lamb and they both would become good friends.

4.     How does Derry interpret the fairy tale ‘Beauty and the Beast’? What does he feel about himself?

Answer: Derry says Beauty loved the Beast and so she kissed him and he changed into a handsome prince. But this would not happen to him because no one was going to kiss him. Even his mother kissed him on the other side of the face.

5.     Why did Mr. Lamb help Derry?

Answer: Mr. Lamb himself was handicapped. He knew the difficulties faced by people like him. But he was very optimistic and wanted to motivate and inspire others. He wanted Derry to look at things from a different perspective. It was his nature of generosity, love, and altruism that compelled him to help Derry.

6.     In what sense is the friendship between Mr. Lamb and Derry fruitful?

Answer: For Derry his friendship with Mr. Lamb proved very fruitful. Mr. Lamb changed Derry’s attitude to life and gave him the courage to face the challenges of life bravely. His way of living a life to its utmost productivity proved to be an inspiration for Derry who finally came out of his inferiority complex and started living a normal life.

7.     Why does Derry tell Mr. Lamb that he is afraid of seeing himself in the mirror?

Answer: Half of the face of Derry was burnt due to spilling of acid. This left an ugly scar on his face. He was afraid of seeing his ugly face in the mirror as it reminded him of his ugliness and made him feel scared and depressed.

8.     According to Derry, what did people think and say about him?

Answer: Half of Derry’s face was burnt and disfigured due to the spilling of acid. People either ignored him or pitied him. Some even made fun of him and called him ugly and the devil. They were scared of him.

9.     What did Derry’s mother think of Mr. Lamb?

Answer: Derry’s mother did not have a good opinion about Mr. Lamb as she had heard many things about him. She didn’t want Derry to go and meet him. She believed Mr. Lamb to be a dangerous person who lived alone in a big home.

10.                        What qualities of Mr. Lamb attracted Derry to him?

Answer: Mr. Lamb’s positive attitude attracted Derry to him. He always looked at life positively and realistically. He was motivating and inspiring. His zeal to live life fully in all circumstances brought Derry closer to him.

11.     Why does Mr. Lamb leave his gate open?

Answer: Mr. Lamb was always on the lookout for the company of good friends. That’s why he kept his gate open. He wanted people to come and meet him anytime. This is symbolic of his openness to accept the world.

12.      Which peculiar things does Derry notice about Mr. Lamb?

Answer: Mr. Lamb appeared to be a peculiar person to Derry because he could not understand many of the things Mr. Lamb said. Mr. Lamb told Derry to keep his ears shut and ignore what the people said. His positive approach to life, despite his handicap, was a peculiar thing for Derry.

13.      “It ate my face up. It ate me up,” says Derry to Mr. Lamb. What is this a reference to and how does the play bear out the later part of the statement?

Answer: Derry’s face is scarred and disfigured due to the spilling of acid. He is pitied by others. In fact, the acid ate up his face. It also disfigured his personality. This led him to self-pity. He could not face the people and their unkind and insensitive remarks.

14.     ‘The world’s got a whole face, and the world’s there to be looked at.’ How does this statement reflect Mr. Lamb’s state of mind and how does this help in changing Derry’s outlook to life?

Answer: This statement reflects Mr. Lamb’s optimism and positive attitude to life. He believes that one must face life with positivity and accept everything courageously. The world is a beautiful place and we must enjoy its beauty by interacting with people. This positive attitude of Mr. Lamb changed Derry’s state of mind and he was able to overcome his inferiority complex and low self-esteem.

15.      Despite all that the old man says, he is yet a lonely old man. How is this brought out in the course of the play? How does Mr. Lamb overcome this?

Answer: Mr. Lamb is an old man with a tin-leg. He is alone and lives in a big house with a big lawn. Though he is very optimistic and accepts everything very positively, his loneliness is evident from the fact that he leaves his gate and windows open so that people can come in whenever they want. He overcomes this loneliness by getting himself involved in making toffees, jelly, etc. with the crab apples that grow in his garden. He loves to talk and spend time with the children who come to his lawn.

16.     ‘Because if I don’t go back there, I’ll never go back anywhere in the world’ says Derry to his mother. How do these words reflect Derry’s state of mind? How does he come to feel this way?

Answer: These words show that Derry’s state of mind has changed. Motivated and inspired by Mr. Lamb, Derry has become confident and bold enough to accept and face the world despite his deformity. He is no more a pessimist and has started taking life as a challenge.

17.      How did Mr Lamb’s conversation and company change Derry’s desire to isolate himself from the world? [CBSE 2022]

Answer: Derry will not go back to isolation or indulge in self-pity. He now wanted to live his life with confidence and hope. Mr Lamb’s positive attitude had transformed his outlook for good. With the rest of the body and brain intact, he was raring to conquer the world.

18.      How does Mr Lamb cope with his loneliness? [CBSE 2021 (C)]

Answer: Mr Lamb keeps himself busy in gardening, rearing trees, and making apple jam. He always keeps his door open for visitors. He sits in the garden, listens to the bees singing, and reads books to keep himself busy.

19.     Why does Derry’s mother not want him to go back to visit Mr Lamb? [CBSE 2018]

Answer: Derry’s mother claims to have heard many things about Mr Lamb. She has been told and warned by the people. She thinks he is not a good person. She asks Derry not to go back there. Derry asks her not to believe all she hears. But Derry is determined to go there.

20.  How does Mr Lamb react when Derry enters his garden? [All India 2017]

Answer: Mr Lamb introduces himself and tries to make a very casual conversation, cautions Derry about the fallen fruit so that he doesn’t trip on it and tries to comfort him putting his doubts at rest.

21.     What kind of garden does Mr Lamb have? Why does he like it? [All India 2017]

Answer: Mr Lamb has an orchard full of fruit trees. He likes it because gardening keeps him busy and children also come there to play. He longs for human company as he suffers from loneliness.

22.     How do people react to Derry’s face? [Foreign 2017]

Answer: Derry was a fourteen-year-old boy who had a scared face. People were afraid of him and stared at him because he had an ugly burnt face. They pretended to be sympathetic but actually, the attitude of the people reflected the callousness of the society towards the physically impaired.

23.     How do people console Derry when they look at his face?

Answer: When people looked at Derry’s face, some people were sympathetic and some were not. People told him inspiring stories to console him but no one ever kissed him except his mother. Lamb clarified to Derry that people with the same deformity were also different. It is incorrect to judge people by what they look like.

24.     Why does Mr Lamb always leave the gate of the house open? [Delhi 2020]

Answer: Mr Lamb was always on the lookout for the company of good friends. That’s why he kept the gate of his house always open. He wanted people to come and meet him anytime. This is symbolic of his openness to accept the world.

25.     How does Mr. Lamb’s brief association with Derry affect the latter?

Or
How did Mr. Lamb’s meeting with Derry become a turning point in his life?

Answer: Derry was a fourteen-year-old boy who had his one side of face burnt due to the spilling of acid. He was dejected. People pitied him. He was pained due to the horror, disgust, and pity shown to him by the alienated people. As a result, he had become bitter. He had withdrawn himself from people and had developed a pessimistic attitude to life.
  When he met Mr. Lamb and spent some time in his company, his entire perspective changed. Mr. Lamb was a person, full of life. He told Derry to embrace life fully and not to be bothered about what people said about him. He advised him to keep his ears shut to what was unpleasant to hear but not to shut himself in. He inspired Derry by keeping himself busy in spite of his tin-leg and by being open and cheerful.
  Mr. Lamb’s advice motivated Derry to come out of his shell of isolation, thus turning point in his life.

26.     What is the bond that united the two—the old man, Mr. Lamb, and Derry, the small boy?

Answer: Derry is a small boy who has a burnt face due spilling of acid. He is very withdrawn and defiant. He runs away from the world as he hates others staring at him. He thinks people are afraid of his deformity. Similarly, Mr. Lamb, too is a handicapped person. He lost one leg in a bomb explosion during the war years ago. He lives alone.
The two of them have deformities and are rejected by the people. Both have a vacuum in their hearts for not having company. Mr. Lamb is a man full of positive energy. When Derry meets him, he finds himself drawn to him. Mr. Lamb seems to be the only one who gives him a new line of thought about his physical disfigurement.
Thus they both shared a bond that unites the two of them.

27.     What benefits did Derry reap from his association with Mr. Lamb?

Answer: Derry was a fourteen-year-old boy whose face was partly burnt due to spilling of acid. As a result, he became conscious of his ugly face. He found that people either ridiculed him or pitied him. He developed a negative attitude to life. He became frustrated. But when he met Mr. Lamb, he got inspiration from him to live life as it came. Derry was encouraged by Mr. Lamb to look at the world and to take an interest in things around him. He found truth, sense and inspiration in Mr. Lamb’s words. He learnt from Mr. Lamb how to handle his handicap and loneliness.
In fact, it was Mr. Lamb who brought Derry back to life. Derry learnt the way to live life fully by dealing with his deformity in an appropriate manner.

28.     What was Derry’s deformity? How had it made him withdrawn and defiant?

Answer: Derry was a fourteen-year-old boy. He had half of his face burnt due to spilling of acid. This made him look so ugly that everyone either pitied him or ridiculed him. This made him bitter. He detested the world and suffered from an inferiority complex, lack of self-respect and rejection.
Derry’s deformity made him so frustrated that he evaded people. He came to Mr. Lamb’s garden because he thought it to be empty. When he saw Mr. Lamb, he wanted to go away. He was extremely sensitive and even had a grudge against his mother for kissing him only on the other side of his burnt face.
Thus, due to his handicap, Derry became defiant and withdrawn. He was frustrated at his rejection by the people and became so withdrawn that he didn’t want to meet and talk to anyone.

29.     Justify the title ‘On the Face of It’.

Answer: The title of the story ‘On the Face of It’ seems to be very appropriate. The idiom ‘On the Face of It’ means from appearance alone or apparently. In the play, Derry is frustrated and has lost self-esteem due to people’s attitude to him. Everyone thought that his burnt face was terrible and he was handicapped. Similar was Mr. Lamb’s case. He had lost one leg in a bomb explosion. Apparently, both Mr. Lamb and Derry had deformities. But Mr. Lamb enabled Derry to have faith in himself look at the bright side of things and learn to live with his deformity. Their physical handicap was an apparent thing for them as well as for the world. But the most significant thing is the strength of one’s soul. Mr. Lamb was a mentally strong person who handled his own handicap and loneliness very effectively. He became instrumental in Derry changing his views about himself and his deformity and started taking things positively. The play deals with the acceptance of the fact that things are not always as they appear, i.e. physical handicap has nothing to do with mental strength and a positive attitude to life.

30.     How do Mr. Lamb and Derry differ in their thoughts, traits and attitudes to life?

Or
Both Derry and Mr. Lamb suffer from handicaps, yet their attitude to life is totally different. Discus.

Answer: Mr. Lamb and Derry both are handicapped. Mr. Lamb has lost his leg in a bomb explosion and Derry has a deformed face due to spilling of acid. They differ in their thoughts, traits and attitudes to life. Derry is not able to cope with his disfigured face and people’s uncharitable remarks. As a result, he keeps himself withdrawn and isolated from the world and has a very negative attitude to life. Derry keeps to himself and is extremely sensitive. He can’t stand people staring at him. On the other hand, Mr. Lamb is not much affected by his handicap. He enjoys reading books and tending plants and flowers. He has a positive attitude to life and accepts everything as it comes. He is open-minded and welcomes people. He is not affected when children call him ‘Lamey Lamb’.
Thus, both Derry and Mr. Lamb are in contrast to each other. Finally, Mr. Lamb was able to inspire Derry and change his attitude to life.

31.     What kind of atmosphere is created by Mr. Lamb to look welcoming and invite people to him?

Answer: Mr. Lamb has a very positive attitude to life. He keeps the door of his home open to welcome people into his house. He always speaks positively. Many children come to his garden to steal apples. He never rebukes them but wants to talk and spend time with them to overlook the mischiefs of others. He never gets annoyed or disturbed by the comments of children who call him ‘Lamey Lamb’. He accepts life as it comes to him. He never puts curtains on his windows and makes toffees and jelly for others. As a lonely man, Mr. Lamb wants to have company. He never discloses his loneliness to anybody and always speaks encouraging words. It is due to the welcoming attitude of Mr. Lamb that Derry promised to return to his garden.

7.     Both Derry and Lamb are physically impaired and lonely. It is the responsibility of society to understand and support people with infirmities so that they do not suffer from a sense of alienation. As a responsible citizen, write in 120–150 words what you would do to bring about a change in the lives of such people.

Answer: Both Derry and Lamb are physically impaired and lonely. It is only due to the insensitive attitude of the society that they feel alienated and lonely. Derry, a boy of fourteen years, always gets either pitied or has uncharitable remarks made against him by others and Mr. Lamb seeks to get some company. In fact, as educated members of society, we need to come forward to make these people realise that they are also wanted and are significant to us. We have to change our attitude toward such people and realise that just one deformity cannot affect the other talents and capabilities of a person. Actually, these people are very sensitive and feel dejected. We have to give them love and comfort and show our faith in them by providing them with equal opportunities and responsibilities.

Thursday 2 May 2024

THE LAST LESSON

Rajesh Konwar

 THE LAST LESSON

THE LAST LESSON



1. How did M. Hamel say farewell to his students and the people of the town?

Answer: M. Hamel bade farewell to his students in a very dignified and sad tone. He announced that this was their last French lesson as an order from Berlin had come that only German was to be taught in the schools of Alsace and Lorraine. He urged the students and the people to keep their language alive and close to their hearts.


2. Who did M. Hamel blame for the neglect of learning on the part of boys like Franz?

Answer: M. Hamel blamed both parents and children for neglecting the learning of their mother tongue. They always put off learning till the next day. He blamed parents for sending their children to earn money instead of school. He even blamed himself for sending his students to water his plants or to give them a holiday when he wanted to go fishing.


3. “He dared to hear every lesson to the very last.” What led Franz to make this remark?

Answer: When Franz came to know that it was his last lesson in French, he felt a great love for his mother tongue. He realised the loss that he was going to suffer. So, a sense of love and interest for his mother tongue emerged in him and he said that he dared to hear every lesson to the very last.


4. Why did Franz think of running away from school that morning?

Answer: Franz didn’t want to go to school that day because it was a fine warm day. The weather was very fine and birds were chirping at the edge of the woods. He heard the sound of the Prussian soldiers drilling at the back of the sawmill. Moreover, he was already late for school and had not prepared his lesson on participles. He knew that he would be scolded by the teacher for that. So he wanted to run away from school.


5. What did Franz see when he passed the town hall?

Answer: When Franz passed the town hall, he saw a large crowd around the bulletin board. People had gathered in large numbers and they were all reading the bulletin board. All the latest news relating to the battle between the French and the Prussians was put up on the bulletin board. On that day the order had come from Berlin to teach only German in the schools of Alsace and Lorraine. This order was put up on the bulletin board.


6. What was the order from Berlin and what changes did it cause in the school?

Answer: The order from Berlin said instead of French only German had to be taught in the schools of Alsace and Lorraine. The order deeply shocked and upset everyone in the school. Everything became quiet and still. The teacher, M. Hamel, had put on his finest dress which he used to wear only on special occasions. All the students were quiet and the back seats of the class were occupied by the village elders.


7. ‘What a thunderclap these words were to me!’ What were the words that shocked and surprised the narrator?

Or

Why is the order from Berlin called a thunderclap by Franz?

Answer: When Franz reached the school, he saw a strange stillness in the class. Then the teacher, M. Hamel, announced that it was their last lesson in French and the new German teacher would take charge on the following day. These words of M. Hamel came as a thunderclap to Franz since the announcement was unexpected and sudden for him.


8. How did Franz react to the declaration that it was their last French lesson?

Answer: Franz was not able to accept the fact it was their last lesson in French. He was surprised and at the same time disheartened. He regretted not learning his mother tongue when he had the opportunity. He felt a sudden love for the language and his teacher.


9. What was unusual about M. Hamel’s dress on his last day in school?

Answer: M. Hamel was dressed in his formal dress which he used to wear only on inspection or prize-giving days. He was in his beautiful green coat, frilled shirt and embroidered silk hat.


10. What made M. Hamel cry towards the end of his last lesson?

Answer: M. Hamel has been teaching French for the last forty years. His love for his mother tongue was a reflection of his patriotism. At the end of his last lesson, M. Hamel, overcome with emotions, broke down and could not speak anything with his throat choked. He wrote on the blackboard Vive La France.


11. Why does M. Hamel reproach himself for his students’ unsatisfactory progress in studies?

Answer: M. Hamel not only blamed the parents for the neglect of learning on the part of their children but also confessed that his personal preferences contributed to the unsatisfactory progress of his students. He sent his students to water the plants and gave them a holiday when he went for fishing.


12. Who were sitting on the back benches during M. Hamel’s last lesson? Why?

Answer: The village’s old and eminent people were sitting on the back benches of the classroom during M. Hamel’s last lesson. They all had come to attend the last lesson of M. Hamel as a mark of love and respect for their mother tongue and the teacher. They were gloomy, feeling guilty and full of repentance to recall that till that day, they had ignored their own language.


13. What words did M. Hamel write on the board before dismissing the last class? What did they mean?

Answer: M. Hamel wrote Vive La France which means ‘Long Live France’. These words described his patriotic feelings and his deep-rooted love for his motherland and mother tongue.


14. What shows M. Hamel’s love for the French language?

Answer: As a mark of his love for the French language, M. Hamel gave a tribute to his mother tongue in his last lesson. He called it ‘the most beautiful language’ in the world, the clearest and most logical. He appealed to the children and the people of the village to keep their mother tongue close to their hearts.


15. What tempted Franz to stay away from school?

Or

Why did Franz not want to go to school that day?

Answer: Franz was already late for school. He had not even prepared the topic of participles for which he was going to be tested that day. Moreover, it was a warm day and he was tempted by the chirping of birds and sounds of Prussian soldiers exercising at the back of the sawmill to miss the school that day.


16. What changes did little Franz undergo after M. Hamel’s announcement?

Answer: Franz was shocked at M. Hamel’s announcement that it was their last lesson in French. Suddenly he felt his love for his mother tongue and realised that he could hardly write well in French. He was full of remorse and regret for being so careless and unattentive in his class. Moreover, he also developed a liking for his teacher M. Hamel.


17. What was the mood in the classroom when M. Hamel gave the last French lesson?

Answer: There was complete silence in the class. Everyone was full of regret and remorse. Children as well as the village elderly were gloomy and repentant for not giving importance to their mother tongue. The order from Berlin had caused a sea change in the attitude of the people of Alsace and Lorraine to their language.


18. What had Franz counted on to enter class unnoticed?

Answer: Franz was late for school that day. But he was quite confident to enter the class unnoticed because usually there was a lot of confusion and noise at the beginning of the school. Every day there was a sound of the opening and closing of desks, lessons repeated in unison and the teacher’s great ruler rapping on the table. So Franz thought that he would take advantage of the situation and enter the class unnoticed.


19. What did Franz wonder about when he entered the class that day?

Answer: Franz was surprised when he entered the class that day as it was unusually quiet. M. Hamel spoke to him kindly which was contrary to his expectations. M. Hamel was dressed in his formal attire which he did only on special occasions. What surprised Franz most was the fact that the village people were sitting quietly on the last benches.


20. Why was Franz not scolded for reaching the school late that day?

Answer: Franz was not scolded that day because the scenario in the school had changed. M. Hamel spoke kindly to him and asked him to go to his seat. He blamed himself for not doing his duty faithfully and now there was the order from Berlin which had to be followed.

21. Why was M. Hamel kind to Franz even though he was late for school?

Answer: It was the last lesson of M. Hamel in the school as the new German teacher was arriving the following day. M. Hamel was sad and sentimental as he was to leave the school after forty years of service as a teacher in French. He was very emotional, kind and understanding. So, he did not scold Franz even though he was late.

22. The ban on teaching French strengthened the resolve of the French to learn their language. Give evidence from the text to prove/disapprove the above statement.

Answer: ‘The Last Lesson’ clearly brings out the resolve of the French to hold fast to their language. The order from Berlin imposing the German language on them made them more determined to respect and learn their language. This was evident in the last lesson of M. Hamel. All the back benches were occupied by villagers, including old Hauser, the former mayor, the former postmaster, etc. That day students in the class were quiet and eager to make the best of the last opportunity to learn their mother tongue.
M. Hammel taught the last lesson with immense patience and told his students to safeguard their language. He reminded them that they would be able to liberate themselves only if they kept their language with them. Even the students realised the importance of their language and listened to their teacher carefully. They could not be distracted by beetles or the cooing of the pigeons.

23. How was the last lesson different from earlier lessons?

Answer: The last lesson was different from earlier lessons in many ways. It revealed the love and respect of the teacher and students for their mother tongue. M. Hamel spoke very kindly and taught very patiently. He did not scold anybody that day. It seemed as if he wanted to give all that he knew before going away. He was in his best attire and his ‘iron ruler’ was no more in use. This lesson was attended by villagers to show their love and respect for their mother tongue and M. Hamel. The students listened very carefully and everybody was absolutely quiet. Franz was sorry for not learning his lesson. The last lesson was an emotional time which stirred patriotic feelings and awakened the villagers to the importance of their mother tongue.

24. Justify the title ‘The Last Lesson’.

Answer: The title ‘The Last Lesson’ is significant and conveys the central theme of the story. The title highlights the fact that sometimes even the most precious things in our lives are taken for granted by us. The people of Alsace never gave much thought or importance to their mother tongue. They did not insist that their children should give it wholehearted attention. They did not encourage regular attendance of their children in French classes. They thought there was plenty of time to learn it. They preferred their children to work and earn rather than learn. They received a severe jolt when orders came from Berlin to ban French and make German compulsory. This brutal order from Prussians made them realise the importance of their mother tongue. So they came in full force to attend M. Hamel’s last lesson. Thus, the title ‘The Last Lesson’ reveals the theme of the story and is fully justified.

 

25. Write a character sketch of little Franz.

Answer: Franz was a typical schoolboy. He was carefree and hated to go to school. He was afraid of his French teacher M. Hamel’s ‘iron ruler’. He was more interested in spending his time outside the school. Many times, he missed school and went in search of ‘bird’s eggs’ or watching the Prussian soldiers drilling at the sawmill. He did not realise the importance of learning his mother tongue till the time his country passed into Prussian hands and teaching French was banned.
This came as a thunderbolt to him when he came to school and found it to be his last French lesson. At this point, he lamented the loss of his language. His entire perspective towards the language and the teacher changed. He was surprised to learn and understand everything on the last day and did not find M. Hamel strict during the lesson. He was not able to understand the severity of war and wondered whether “the pigeons would be made to coo in German”.

26. Our language is part of our culture and we are proud of it. Describe how regretful M. Hamel and the village elders are for having neglected their native language, French.

Answer: M. Hamel in his last French lesson emphasized the importance of the mother tongue and how it binds everybody together. He exhorted all of them to guard their native language though he blamed himself also for neglecting French. He regretted giving them a holiday when he wanted to go fishing. He wished he had not sent them often to water his flowers instead of learning their lessons. The parents too were not very keen for their children to learn. They preferred to put them to work on a farm or at the mills for a little more money than to encourage them to study. But after the announcement, all elders sat quietly at the back of the classroom with regret written large on their faces. M. Hamel appealed to them again to hold fast to their language as that was the key to their freedom.

27. How did the order from Berlin change the situation in the school?

Or

The day of the last lesson was full of regret and sadness. Describe the events of the day in the classroom in the light of the above remark.

Or

“Order from Berlin aroused a particular zeal in the school.” Comment.

Or

“Everybody in the last lesson is filled with regret.” Comment.

Or

The entire classroom, M. Hamel as well as those present in the class, are full of regret. For what and why?

Answer: The order from Berlin brought a sense of shock and surprise to the class. As per the order, this was the last French class. Alsace and Lorraine had been captured by the Prussians. So only German was to be taught in the schools. This made all the distinguished village elders feel guilty for ignoring their mother tongue. So, they all came to the class to show their love and respect for their mother tongue and French teacher M. Hamel. The entire school was filled with an air of remorse and regret. There was complete silence. The teacher, M. Hamel, was in his best dress and was full of emotions. Even the students in the class, including little Franz, felt remorse for their indifference to their mother tongue. There was an atmosphere of stillness and quietness in the class.

28. Give a character sketch of M. Hamel.

Answer: M. Hamel was a teacher at a school in a village in the French districts of Alsace and Lorraine. He used to teach French. He had been teaching his mother tongue for the last forty years. He loved his profession from the core of his heart and had a deep sense of respect for the mother tongue. He had always been very particular and strict in imparting the knowledge of the language to his pupils.
The news, that French would no more be taught in the schools of Alsace and Lorraine and that this was going to be his last lesson, completely shattered a calm and composed M. Hamel. He tried his level best to remain calm and composed but broke down at the end. He felt tormented by the fact that people had become indifferent to learning French and appealed to them to keep their language alive.
M. Hamel was a patriot in the real sense. He regarded the mother tongue to be a means of holding one’s identity and self-respect. He blamed not only the parents and children but himself also for neglecting the French.
His concern and love for his country is evident at the end of his last lesson, when, he writes on the blackboard ‘Vive La France!’ in bold letters.

29. ‘Bah! I have plenty of time. I’ll learn it tomorrow.’
Franz was shocked when he heard that it was the last lesson in French and he hardly knew his mother tongue. Many of us find ourselves in similar situations and regret when all is over. What should we do so that we are able to achieve our goals?

Answer: Opportunity knocks on the door only once. In fact, everyone gets only one chance in life and if it is lost there is no way to redeem it. It is said that hard work can turn the impossible into possible. But along with that, value for time is very essential. Most of us are in a habit of delaying things. Unless and until we are consistent and regular in our efforts, we cannot achieve our goals. Setting a goal is an easy task but the journey to reach that goal is tedious and demands perseverance, grit and determination. One has to be focused and consistent in one’s efforts.
To achieve our goals in life, we need to understand the importance of time. Like Franz, we should not delay our efforts and sit comfortably thinking that there is enough time. As we know time and tide wait for no man. So in order to achieve our goals, we need to be vigilant, consistent, punctual, regular, hardworking and a determined person who greatly values time.

30. The people of Alsace and Lorraine did not understand the importance of learning their language — French. Emphasising the importance and need of learning one’s native language, discuss why one should learn one’s native language.

Answer: One of the major effects of Westernization is that people have started losing interest in learning their native language. One’s native language is the repository of one’s culture, identity and way of living. As long as one speaks and communicates in one’s language, one can be proud of oneself.
Many Indians who live abroad make it compulsory for their family to speak their native language at home so as to have a sense of belonging to their country. In fact, the native language binds us with our roots. Every language has its own speciality and the people who speak that language imbibe that speciality. Native language inculcates a sense of pride. A person who doesn’t know his native language is like a slave.

31. It was so warm, so bright! The birds were chirping at the edge of the woods, and in the open field back of the sawmill, the Prussian soldiers were drilling. It was all much more tempting than the rule for participles, but I had the strength to resist and hurried off to school.
Answer the following.
(a) The speaker of these lines is ____________ and he is thinking of not going to the class.

Answer: Little Franz.
(b) Prussian soldiers were in ____________ as there was a war going on.

Answer:  Alsace.
(c) The speaker is in a dilemma about going to school as he has not learnt the ____________.

Answer:  participles.
(d) Find a word similar to ‘withstand’ from the given lines.

Answer:  resist.

32. Reading the bulletin, called after me, “Don’t go so fast, bub; you’ll get to your school in plenty of time!” I thought he was making fun of me, and reached M. Hamel’s little garden all out of breath.
Answer the following.
(a) Bub here refers to ____________, who was going to school.

Answer:  Franz.
(b) The speaker was nervous as he did not learn his lessons and was ____________.

Answer:  late.
(c) M. Hamel was Bub’s teacher who taught him __________.

Answer:  French.
(d) Find an expression from the extract which means ‘mocking’.

Answer:  making fun of.

33. What a thunderclap these words were to me!
Oh, the wretches; that was what they had put up at the town hall!
My last French lesson! Why, I hardly knew how to write! I should never learn any more! I must stop there, then.
Answer the following.
(a) Hamel’s announcement ____________ Franz and he was frightened.

Answer:  shocked.
(b) Town hall had a ____________ that provided all the information.

Answer: a bulletin board.
(c) ‘Wretches’ here refers to Germans. (True/False)

Answer:  True.
(d) Franz was happy that his studies were over. (True/False)

Answer:  False.

34. I heard M. Hamel say to me, “I won’t scold you, little Franz; you must feel bad enough. See how it is! Every day we have said to ourselves, ‘Bah! I’ve plenty of time. I’ll learn it tomorrow.’ And now you see where we’ve come out. Ah, that’s the great trouble with Alsace; she puts off learning till tomorrow.
Answer the following.
(a) Hamel was not ____________ with Franz because it was the last lesson.

Answer:  angry.
(b) Franz would feel bad because he always learnt his lessons on time. (True/False)

Answer:  False.
(c) ‘Ourselves’ here refers to all the teachers. (True/False)

Answer:  False.
(d) Find a word for ‘problem’ from the extract.

Answer:  trouble.

35. Then, from one thing to another, M. Hamel went on to talk of the French language, saying that it was the most beautiful language in the world — the clearest, the most logical; that we must guard it among us and never forget it, because when a people are enslaved, as long as they hold fast to their language it is as if they had the key to their prison. Then he opened a grammar and read us our lesson.
Answer the following.
(a) M. Hamel is the speaker and he is overwhelmed with ____________ for his language.

Answer:  love.
(b) ‘French people’ here refers to ‘they’. (True/False)

Answer:  True.
(c) Here the word ‘prison’ means the real prison. (True/False)

Answer:  False.
(d) Find a word from the passage that means the same as ‘dominate’.

Answer:  enslave.

36. But he dared to hear every lesson to the very last. After the writing, we had a history lesson, and then the babies chanted their ba, be bi, bo, bu. Down there at the back of the room old Hauser had put on his spectacles and, holding his primer in both hands, spelt the letters with them.
Answer the following.
(a) Hamel was ____________ with each and every student.
Answer: patient.

(b) Old Hauser spelt the letters from the primer. (True/False)
Answer:  True.

(c) Babies had come to school for the first time so they had to learn the alphabet. (True/False)

Answer:  False.

(d) Find the synonym of ‘bravery’ from the extract.

  Answer:  courage.


37. But now it was all so still! I had counted on the commotion to get to my desk without being seen; but, of course, that day everything had to be as quiet as Sunday morning. Through the window, I saw my classmates, already in their places, and M. Hamel walking up and down with his terrible iron ruler under his arm.
Answer the following.
(a) Franz was counting on ____________ as he did not wish to be seen by his teacher.

Answer:  commotion.
(b) Find the synonym of ‘peaceful’ from the extract.

Answer:   still.
(c) Who was terrible: the teacher or the ruler.

Answer:  The teacher.
(d) M. Hamel had called the students on a Sunday. (True/False)

   Answer:  False.


38. Besides, the whole school seemed so strange and solemn. But the thing that surprised me most was to see, on the back benches that were always empty, the village people sitting quietly like ourselves; old Hauser, with his three-cornered hat, the former mayor, the former postmaster, and several others besides.
Answer the following.
(a) The school was ____________and solemn because it was the last lesson.

Answer:  strange.
(b) Franz was surprised to see a class full of villagers. (True/False)

Answer:  True.
(c) The benches were ____________ earlier but not today.

Answer:  vacant.
(d) Give the synonym for ‘sober’ from the extract.

   
  Answer:  solemn.

39. Poor man! It was in honour of this last lesson that he had put on his fine Sunday clothes, and now I understood why the old men of the village were sitting there in the back of the room. It was because they were sorry, too, that they had not gone to school more. It was their way of thanking our master for his forty years of faithful service and of showing their respect for the country that was theirs no more.
Answer the following.
(a) Franz was sorry for his teacher as he was going to lose his job. (True/False)

Answer:  False.
(b) Hamel wore Sunday clothes in honour of the ____________.

Answer:  last lesson.
(c) Old men came for the class in the honour of ____________ services.

Answer:  Hamel’s.
(d) Pick the antonym of ‘dishonour’.

   Answer: Honour.

40. I was amazed to see how well I understood it. All he said seemed so easy, so easy! I think, too, that I had never listened so carefully, and that he had never explained everything with so much patience. It seemed almost as if the poor man wanted to give us all he knew before going away, and to put it all into our heads at one stroke.
Answer the following.
(a) The speaker here is ____________.

Answer:  Franz.
(b) The speaker felt ____________ for not being inattentive in the class.

Answer:  sorry.
(c) Hamel was sorry for not being regular with his classes. (True/False)

Answer:  True.
(d) Find a word from the extract that means ‘the ability to stay calm’ from the extract.

  Answer:  patience.

41. I started for school very late that morning and was in great dread of a scolding, especially because M. Hamel had said that he would question us on participles, and I did not know the first word about them. For a moment, I thought of running away and spending the day out of doors. It was so warm, so bright! The birds were chirping at the edge of the woods, and in the open field back of the sawmill, the Prussian soldiers were drilling.

(a) Alphonse Daudet, the author of ‘The Last Lesson’ was a ...................... novelist and short story writer.

(i) Spanish (ii) German (iii) French (iv) Austrian

Answer: (iii) French.

(b) Franz was late and wanted to skip going to school as he dreaded

(i) beating from M. Hamel (ii) scolding from the teacher (iii) taunts from his classmates (iv) scolding from parents

  Answer: (ii) scolding from the teacher.

(c) What would have M. Hamel questioned Franz about?

(i) adjectives (ii) writing skills (iii) the previous days’ activities (iv) participles

  Answer: (iv) participles.

(d) Which of the outdoor activities were tempting Franz more than attending school that day?

(i) chirping of the birds (ii) the drill practice by Prussian soldiers (iii) both (i) and (ii) (iv) children playing outside

  Answer: (iii) both (i) and (ii).

42. I thought he was making fun of me, and reached M. Hamel’s little garden all out of breath. Usually, when school began, there was a great bustle, which could be heard out in the street, the opening and closing of desks, lessons repeated in unison, very loud, with our hands over our ears to understand better, and the teacher’s great ruler rapping on the table. But now it was all so still! I had counted on the commotion to get to my desk without being seen; but, of course, that day everything had to be as quiet as Sunday morning.

(a) ‘I thought he was making fun of me.’ Who is Franz referring to here?

(i) the blacksmith Wachter    (ii) the gardener    (iii) the old Hauser    (iv) his teacher

   Answer: (i) the blacksmith Wachter.

(b) The expression ‘out of breath’ means

(i) exhaled breath    (ii) excess breath   (iii) feeling short of breath   (iv) respiratory failure

  Answer: (iii) feeling short of breath.

(c) What were the pointers to a great bustle in the school?

(i) the opening and closing of desks   (ii) the teacher’s great ruler rapping on the table   (iii) lessons repeated in loud unison    (iv) all the above

   Answer: (iv) all the above.

(d) What was Franz banking upon to go to his seat unnoticed?

(i) the fight in the class   (ii) the teacher’s absence   (iii) the commotion in the class   (iv) tip-toeing in the class

  Answer: (iii) the commotion in the class.


43. I jumped over the bench and sat down at my desk. Not till then, when I had got a little over my fright, did I see that our teacher had on his beautiful green coat, his frilled shirt, and the little black silk cap, all embroidered, that he never wore except on inspection and prize days. Besides, the whole school seemed so strange and solemn. But the thing that surprised me most was to see, on the back benches that were always empty, the village people sitting quietly like ourselves; old Hauser, with his three-cornered hat, the former mayor, the former postmaster and several others besides.

(a) ‘Got a little over his fright’ means that Franz

(i) was still feeling frightful   (ii) had overcome his fright   (iii) was out of his wits   (iv) all of the above

  Answer: (ii) had overcome his fright.

(b) Besides, the whole school seemed so

(i) noisy and scary   (ii) messy and strange   (iii) queer and in ruins   (iv) strange and solemn

   Answer: (iv) strange and solemn.

(c) What struck Franz the most about M. Hamel that day which was quite different was

(i) his formal attire   (ii) his mannerisms   (iii) his behaviour   (iv) all of the above

  Answer: (i) his formal attire.

(d) Who were sitting on the back benches on the last day of the lesson?

(i) parents   (ii) village people   (iii) only young children   (iv) other staff members

  Answer: (ii) village people.

44. While I was wondering about it all, M Hamel mounted his chair, and, in the same grave and gentle tone which he had used to me, said, “My children, this is the last lesson, I shall give you. The order has come from Berlin to teach only German in the schools of Alsace and Lorraine. The new master is coming tomorrow. This is your last French lesson. I want you to be very attentive.”

What a thunderclap these words were to me!

Oh, the wretches; that was what they had put up at the town hall!

(a) What was Franz wondering about as mentioned in the first line?

(i) about M. Hamel’s behaviour   (ii) about the turn of events   (iii) both (i) and (ii)   (iv) about his study of participles

  Answer: (iii) both (i) and (ii).

(b) From where did the orders come to teach only German in the schools of Alsace and Lorraine?

(i) Paris   (ii) Spain   (iii) London   (iv) Berlin

  Answer: (iv) Berlin.

(c) Which words were a thunderclap to Franz?

(i) This is your last French lesson.   (ii) I want you to be very attentive.   (iii) The order has come from Berlin.   (iv) None of the above

  Answer: (i) this is your last French lesson.

(d) What had been put up on the bulletin board that day the realization of which hit Franz in the class?

(i) Only French will be taught.   (ii) German will take over French in the schools.   (iii) Everyone will speak only English.   (iv) A third language will be introduced.

  Answer: (ii) German will take over French in the schools.

45. Poor Man! It was in honour of this last lesson that he had put on his fine Sunday clothes and now I understood why the old men of the village were sitting there in the back of the room. It was because they were sorry, too, that they had not gone to school more. It was their way of thanking our master for his forty years of faithful service and of showing their respect for the country that was theirs no more.

(a) Who is the poor man being referred to here?

(i) old Hauser  (ii) a villager  (iii) the apprentice  (iv) M. Hamel

Answer: (iv) M. Hamel.

(b) For how many years had the master served the school?

(i) 20 years   (ii) 10 years   (iii) 40 years   (iv) 30 years

  Answer: (iii) 40 years.

(c) What made the villagers come to meet M. Hamel in the school that particular day?

(i) to bid goodbye   (ii) to express their gratitude   (iii) to have a meeting   (iv) to gossip with the teacher

  Answer: (ii) to express their gratitude.

(d) What does the lesson ‘The Last Lesson’ signify?

(i) importance of one’s language and freedom   (ii) loss of one’s mother tongue   (iii) loss of speech  (iv) loss of freedom

  Answer: (i) importance of one’s language and freedom.

46. I heard Mr. M. Hamel say to me, “I won’t scold you, little Franz; you must feel bad enough. See how it is! Every day we have said to ourselves, ‘Bah! I’ve plenty of time. I’ll learn it tomorrow. And now you see where we have come out. Ah, that’s the great trouble with Alsace; she puts off learning till tomorrow. Now those fellows out there will have the right to say to you, ‘How is it; you pretend to be Frenchmen and you can neither speak nor write your own language?’ But you are not the worst, poor little Franz.

We have all a great deal to reproach ourselves with.”

(a) “I have plenty of time. I will learn it tomorrow.’ What trait does it reflect of the people of Alsace?

(i) putting off things  (ii) procrastination  (iii) postponing matters  (iv) all of the above

Answer: (iv) all of the above.

(b) M. Hamel’s tone and tenor while speaking is filled with

(i) eagerness  (ii) regret  (iii) pleasure  (iv) sorrow

   Answer: (ii) regret.

(c) In the above extract, what is Hamel trying to emphasize on?

(i) freedom of expression   (ii) importance of a language   (iii) importance of one’s mother tongue  (iv) all of the above

   Answer: (iii) importance of one’s mother tongue.

d) “We have all a great deal to reproach ourselves with.” By saying this, Hamel is holding .......... responsible.

(i) himself   (ii) parents  (iii) parents and himself   (iv) none

   Answer: (iii) parents and himself.

47. Then, from one thing to another, M. Hamel went on to talk of the French language, saying that it was the most beautiful language in the world—the clearest, the most logical: that we must guard it among us and never forget it, because when a people are enslaved, as long as they hold fast to our language it is as if they had the key to their prison. Then he opened a grammar and read us our lesson. I was amazed to see how well I understood it. All he said seemed so easy, so easy!

(a) What made M. Hamel praise the French language so much?

(i) Because he is a French citizen.  (ii) Because he is in love with the language.  (iii) Because it is the clearest and most logical.   (iv) Because he teaches the language.

   Answer: (iii) because it is the clearest and most logical.

(b) How does M. Hamel make the people of the district realize the preciousness of their mother tongue?

(i) after the sudden orders from Berlin  (ii) by being emotional  (iii) by giving them a long lecture  (iv) all of the above

  Answer: (i) After the sudden orders from Berlin.

(c) If the people are enslaved, what will hold the key to their prison?

(i) lock  (ii) hammer  (iii) their behaviour  (iv) their language

   Answer: (iv) their language.

(d) After listening to the Grammar lesson, what was Franz’s observation?

(i) he felt repentant  (ii) he felt It was not worth the effort  (iii) he was amazed at how easy it all was  (iv) he disliked the rules of grammar

   Answer: (iii) he was amazed at how easy it all was.

48

Fancy! For forty years he had been in the same place, with his garden outside the window and his class in front of him, just like that. Only the desks and the windows had been worn smooth; the walnut trees in the garden were taller, and the hopvine that he had planted himself twined about the windows to the roof. How it must have broken his heart to leave it all, poor man: to hear his sister moving about in the room above, packing their trunks! For they must leave the country the next day.

(a) For forty years, he had been in the same place. What trait of M. Hamel’s personality, does it bring out?

(i) laziness to shift  (ii) loyalty  (iii) stubbornness  (iv) all of the above

Answer: (ii) loyalty.

(b) What indicates the passage of time?

(i) the growth of walnut trees  (ii) hop vine twined about the windows to the roof   (iii) both (i) and (ii)   (iv) the desks and benches had been worn smooth

Answer: (iii) both (i) and (ii).

(c) What was the kind of atmosphere prevailing at this time in the school and particularly in Franz’s classroom?

(i) villagers were feeling sorry  (ii) atmosphere was emotionally charged  (iii) there was a feeling of regret  (iv) all of the above

Answer: (iv) all of the above.

(d) Packing their trunks and moving about in the room above was Mr. M. Hamel’s

(i) mother  (ii) sister  (iii) helper  (iv) father

Answer: (ii) sister.

49

All at once the church clock struck twelve. Then the Angelus. At the same moment, the trumpets of the Prussians, returning from the drill, sounded under our windows. M. Hamel stood up, very pale, in his chair.

I never saw him look so tall.

“My friends,” said he, “I—I—” But something choked him. He could not go on.

(a) The Angelus prayer is said

(i) in the morning, noon and at sunset  (ii) in the morning and evening  (iii) only in the morning  (iv) at noon and sunset

Answer: (i) in the morning, at noon and at sunset.

(b) I never saw him look so tall. This expression means

(i) he looked taller than before   (ii) he had a good height   (iii) dignified and great   (iv) shy and quiet

Answer: (iii) dignified and great.

(c) He needed help to complete what he wanted to say. What sea of emotions was he going through?

(i) exhorted the people to love their language   (ii) his last message had love, respect and loyalty for his country  (iii) his voice choked and he couldn’t go on   (iv) all the above

Answer: (iv) all the above.

(d) How can a linguistic minority in a state keep their language alive?

(i) by writing   (ii) by safeguarding their language in every possible way.   (iii) by conversing in that language   (iv) none of the above

Answer: (ii) by safeguarding their language in every possible way.

50.

Then he turned to the blackboard, took a piece of chalk, and, bearing on with all his might, he wrote as large as he could

“Vive La France!”

Then he stopped and leaned his head against the wall, and, without a word, he made a gesture to us with his hand—

“School is dismissed—you may go.”

(a) “Vive Live France” means

(i) France is great   (ii) learn French   (iii) French cuisine is famous   (iv) Long Live France

Answer: (iv) Long Live France.

(b) The author of the lesson belonged to which country?

(i) England   (ii) France   (iii) Canada   (iv) New Zealand

Answer: (ii) France.

(c) “He made a gesture and couldn’t speak.” What does it tell the reader about M. Hamel?

(i) he was proud of being a French national   (ii) his ideas that one’s mother tongue binds people together   (iii) his loyalty towards his country   (iv) all the above

Answer: (iv) all the above.

(d) Alphonse Daudet belonged to

(i) New Zealand   (ii) Greece   (iii) Austria   (iv) France

Answer: (ii) France.

 


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  • Rajesh KonwarEdu Guide